Literature Review on Internal Control System - 1755 Words

Internal control can be described as any action taken by an organization to help enhance the likelihood that the objectives of the organization will be achieved. The definition of internal control has evolved over recent years as different internal control models have been developed. This article will describe these models, present the definitions of internal control they provide, and indicate the components of internal control. Various parties responsible for and affected by internal control will also be discussed. THE COSO MODEL In the United States many organizations have adopted the internal control concepts presented in the report of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Published in 1992, the†¦show more content†¦The CoCo model, which builds on COSO, is thought to be more concrete and user-friendly. CoCo describes internal control as actions that foster the best result for an organization. These actions, which contribute to the achievement of the organizations objectives, center around: * Effectiveness and efficiency of operations * Reliability of internal and external reporting * Compliance with applicable laws and regulations and internal policies. CoCo indicates that control comprises: those elements of an organization (including its resources, systems, processes, culture, structure and tasks) that, taken together, support people in the achievement of the organizations objectives. CoCo model recognizes four interrelated elements of internal control, including purpose, capability, commitment, and monitoring and learning. An organization that performs a task is guided by an understanding of the purpose (the objective to be achieved) of the task and supported by capability (information, resources, supplies, and skills). To perform the task well over time, the organization needs a sense of commitment. Finally, the organization must monitor task performance to improve the task process. These elements of control, which include twenty specific control criteria, are seen as the steps an organization takes to foster the right action. In addition to the COSO and CoCo models, two other reports provide internal control models. One is the Institute ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Internal Controls On Corporate Governance Associated With The Revelations Of Internal Control Material Weaknesses And Their Subsequent Remediation812 Words   |  4 PagesChanges in Corporate Governance Associated with the Revelation of Internal Control Material Weaknesses and Their Subsequent Remediation. The abstract discusses the problems associated with the lack of internal controls within a company. Additionally, the abstract discusses how fraud and material weaknesses can occur without the implementation of the proper internal controls. Johnstone, Li, and Rupley (2011) disclose that internal controls have long been viewed as an important policy to have in placeRead MoreHow Does Cloud Computing Affect Company s Business Activities?868 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch topic because it is important to know how Cloud Computing affects company’s internal controls. In addition, it is important to understand what Cloud Computing is and the benefits it offers businesses. This study will help provide valuable information to the reader when researching Cloud Computing. Davidovic, V., Ilijevic, D., Luk, V., Pogarcic, I. (2015). Private cloud computing and delegation of control. Procedia Engineering, 100(25th DAAM International Symposium on Intelligent ManufacturingRead MoreConcept Of Enterprise Architect ( Ea ), Strategic Information System And It Management1369 Words   |  6 Pagesbased on the adequateness of the governance and how well it suits that specific organization’s internal and external environments. 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Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreRegulatory Compliance Controls1712 Words   |  7 PagesSOX internal control deficiencies on firm risk and cost of equity. Retreived http://www.wbur.org/news/local/icd/icd.pdf This paper examined the cost-benefit of SOX, looking specifically at the potential for a lower cost of equity as a result of lower information risk. The findings indicate that, after controlling for other risk factors, firms with internal control deficiencies have significantly higher idiosyncratic risk, systematic risk, and cost of equity. Moreover, remediation of internal controlRead MoreInternal Auditor s Role For Combat Fraud809 Words   |  4 PagesInternal Auditor’s Role to Combat Fraud Background Internal auditor, should be the eyes and ears of the company to combat fraud. 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Department Of Juvenile Justice System Essay - 2336 Words

Department of Juvenile Justice Organization description Florida Legislatures created the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice in 1994 to serve as the state agency responsible for youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Although the state agency is under the authority of the state governor, Secretary Christina Daly, who provides leadership for the organization, each circuit has a leadership team who runs the daily operation of each sub-department. The Department’s headquarter is located in Tallahassee Florida where 3,000 employees are employed statewide. Broward County, the seventeenth circuit employs one hundred and twenty employees in Probation. The Department’s mission is to increase public safety by reducing juvenile delinquency through effective prevention, intervention and treatment services that strengthen families and turn around the lives of troubled youth. The Department’s vision is that the children and families of Florida will live in safe, nurturing communities that provide for t heir needs, recognize their strengths and support their success. The Department has five guiding principles: Prevention and education are paramount; Strengthen partnerships with judicial, legislative and community stakeholders; Promote public safety through effective intervention; provide a safe and nurturing environment for our children and preserve and restore physical and mental health (http://www.djj.state.fl.us/about-us/mission). TheShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in Juvenile Justice System765 Words   |  4 PagesCourts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System James Francis Juvenile Delinquency American Military University Professor Robert Arruda The Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System The juvenile justice system brings the juvenile delinquent in contact with the local police, the court system and if found guilty, the Department of Corrections. This paper will discuss the role of the police, the courts and the Department of CorrectionsRead MoreGrant Proposal. Second Chance Act Smart On Juvenile Justice:956 Words   |  4 PagesSecond chance Act Smart on Juvenile Justice: Community Supervision Reform Program I. 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The South African Child Justice Act prescribes four categories under which sentencing mayRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 Pagesto research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. The paper will focus on the purpose of this legislation, as well as the values that are expressed by this policy. This paper will not only address why this piece of legislation is important it will discuss the effects this act has had on the communities as well as the youths themselves. This paper, will also address the potential for change about the public attitudes towards the juvenile justice system and the socialRead MoreRebound Drug Court Intern1110 Words   |  5 PagesCounty Juvenile Court is located in the Gregory A. Adams Juvenile Justice Center at 4309 Memorial Drive in Decatur GA. The juvenile court was established in 1899 as an entity separate from the criminal court. As a separate court system of justice for young people, it focused on prevention and remediation of delinquent behavior (Lemov). The state of Georgia has a Dual Juvenile Justice Department: Independent and Dependent. Independent Court manages there own services and information system away fromRead MoreBalancing Justice and Rehabilitation Essay538 Words   |  3 Pageson track, the multistep juvenile justice system determines adolescent offenders’ consequences to provide them a chance for change and rehabilitation, making it overall effective and fair to juveniles and the community. Although most juveniles who enter the system are not real criminals, some are, so by understanding their crimes and reasoning, law enforcement can better identify and stop repeat offenders. For instance, most crime rates have gone down recently, but juvenile robbery arrests have increasedRead MoreEssay on Restorative Action for Juvenile Justice Centers1039 Words   |  5 Pages Juvenile justice is the area of criminal law for a person not old enough to be held responsible for their criminal actions (â€Å"Juvenile Justice†). In most states this kind of categorization is determined by age, set at eighteen years old. In general, juvenile law is governed by state law and most states have an individual juvenile code set in place that contributes to the number of youth in detention centers today (â€Å"Juvenile Justice†). Despite the lowest youth crime rates in twenty years, accordingRead MoreIf I Ran Zoo By Dr. Seuss885 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals to think about what they would do to change the zoo, if they were given the power to do so. Throughout the semester I learned many contradictions about the Juvenile court system. 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Offering constructive programs reduces juvenile delinquency and reduces recidivism. â€Å"From the beginning, the principal consideration of the juvenile courtsRead MoreThe Causes Of Juvenile Delinquency1172 Words   |  5 Pages Juvenile delinquents are children/adolescents that are between the ages of 10 and 18 and have committed any illegal act that violates the law. These acts arent usually referred to as â€Å"crimes† as they would be for adults. These â€Å"crimes† are committed by minors and are called â€Å"delinquent acts.† These delinquent acts are believed to be caused by a number of factors that include the minors brain development, environment and social interactions. Peer groups are a very strong influence that can cause

Cbbe Pyramid free essay sample

Pyramid Powerful brands create meaningful images in the minds of customers (Keller, 1993). A strong brand image and reputation enhances differentiation and has a positive influence on buying behaviour (Gordon et al. , 1993; McEnally and de Chernatony, 1999). A brand is a bundle of functional, economic and psychological benefits for the end-user (Ambler, 1995). Brand equity, as defined by Keller (1993), occurs when a brand is known and has some strong, favourable and unique associations in a consumer’s memory. This reflects in buyers’ willingness to pay a premium for a favoured brand in preference to others (Hutton, 1997). The Customer-Based Brand Equity pyramid (CBBE) of Keller identifies four steps for building a strong brand. In this paper the CBBE pyramid will be applied to the brand Nike. In this branding ladder, each step is dependent on successfully achieving the previous – from brand identity to brand meaning, brand responses and finally brand relationships. The ultimate aim is to reach the pinnacle of the CBBE pyramid – resonance – where a completely harmonious relationship exists between customers and the brand (Kuhn, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Cbbe Pyramid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Firstly, it is important that the brand identity is compatible to the kind of brand that the firm wants to build. Nike ensures that it’s swoosh is well-matched to different kinds of sports and sports attributes, for example shoes and soccer balls. Therefore the Nike brand salience is that it represents sporty people and this can be seen in the degree of sponsorships of professional athletes by means of for example clothing. The second step establishes the brand meaning by linking tangible and intangible brand associations. Brand meaning is therefore characterised in either functional (brand performance) or abstract (image-related) associations. The product branch in which it operates is high segment, this is characterised by high prices, product reliability, durability and serviceability. The style is mainly focused on comfort during sporting with an attractive style (Kuhn, 2008). Sweatshop; â€Å"A  shop  employing  workers  at   low  wages,  for  long  hours,  and  under  poor  conditions† Sweatshop; â€Å"A  shop  employing  workers  at   low  wages,  for  long  hours,  and  under  poor  conditions† Nike has a long history with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). For a long time, the Nike name conjured up heroic images of Jordan, Agassi and Tiger. The swoosh, Nike’s brand logo, made many people feel as if they were champions. That Nike’s reputation has been clouded by a new image – of Asian workers in hot, noisy factories, stitching together shoes for as little as 80 cents a day. Suddenly, Nike doesn’t seem so cool anymore (McCall, 1998). The widespread criticism of the use of sweatshops provoked protests and products boycotts at retail centres and on college campuses nationwide in 1998. The disapproval helped to cause the sneaker giant’s stock price to drop to $31 in September 1998 from $76 seven months earlier (Chen, 2001). The final step in the pyramid constitutes brand relationship, where brand response is converted to create an intense, active loyalty relationship between customers and the brand.

Production and consumption of media texts Essay Example

Production and consumption of media texts Paper The way we view media today has changed considerably when compared to even Just ten years prior. The media culture has evolved. The average human went from going to the supermarket in the morning to buy newspaper to going online in the morning to read BBC Online. Statistics show that printed news is still popular among people, with 84 of adults who are college graduates or higher in the United States having admitted to reading printed newspaper over online news (Nielsen Wire, 2009). However, the consistent rise in the number of people who choose online news to printed news cannot be disputed. According to Pew Research (2009), the percentage of people who read online news for al age groups have risen, the most drastic rise being in the Generation Y sector, that is the sector of the population that was born in the year 1977 or later. According to the article, the percentage of people who chose to read newspapers in 2006 was 22, more than twice what it was in 20089. Though the death of print media is greatly exaggerated at present time, it is very likely to come. With technology becoming more and more important to society in an increasingly rapid timeshare, you can expect that its death will come much quicker than expected. We will write a custom essay sample on Production and consumption of media texts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Production and consumption of media texts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Production and consumption of media texts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So with that, we must ask ourselves how does the production and consumption of media texts change through remediation Old media is basically referred to traditional means of communication and expression way before the existence of the Internet, such as Journalism industries like newspapers, books, film, and radio (Sails, n. D. ). In contrast to old media, new media is defined as interactive and engaging forms of communication that use the Internet. New media makes it possible for anyone to create, connect, collaborate and share creative content on the web (Circuit, 2009). New media has injected new vitality and competition into news (Rand Media Group, 2012). Remediation, when pertaining to the media, is the integration or transference of one medium into another medium (WAIS, n. D. ). This basically means that remediation is the process of changing one form of media to another, usually for the purpose of reaching and impacting a larger amount of people. A very good example of remediation is when a book is adapted into a movie. Films like Into the Wild, the Harry Potter series and even cult favorite, Twilight, are all products of remediation. Often times, it is the movie adaptation that opens peoples eyes to the existence of the books they are based on. The popularity of a movie adaptation can very much affect the popularity of the book itself. According to Sewer and Mending (2010, Para. 4), the popularity of the Twilight movies have not only boosted sales of the Twilight novels themselves but have also been pinpointed as the reason behind an 18 increase of science fiction and fantasy book sales among children and teenagers since the year 2005. In the context of our Engaging Media unit however, we look at emendation as turning printed media such as newspapers and magazines into Internet-based media such as videos and online news sites. Such as with our recent remediation assignment, we were asked to take a textual medium and present it in a media format. We chose to focus our assignment on an article from the New York Times about Isabella Carr, a model who died suffering from anorexia nervous. What we did was, we took the article and converted it into a video, fit for the more visually aware generation of todays world. Through the advent of the Internet, the media is experiencing an alteration in their production and consumption process. The media has been shifted through remediation and this shift from old media to new media has revolutionized traditional media and has taken advantage of the massive potential of todays technology. Content has become the central focus of our generation ever since the mentality of people has changed through the dawn of the web. Bill Gates wrote in his article Content is King, that the Internet is the multimedia equivalent of a photocopier that have the ability to take over distribution channels (1996). The Internet allows for content to be distributed to a global audience at zero marginal cost to the publisher (Gates, 1996). In the past, old school media organizations assessed and controlled their distribution channels such as printing presses and broadcasting licenses (Yeats, 2011). Today, the Internet serves as a medium for production, consumption, and distribution. Over the past decade, more and more websites for people to communicate and visit has mushroomed all over the Internet. The web has become a fundamental tool for interaction in our daily lives and this is because of the network effect. Gwen Sharp illustrates the network effect to be a situation whereby something becomes more valuable as more people use it (2012). Because of the network effect, users of the Internet find it necessary to express themselves through their own work, which gave birth to a new context of remix culture in our social evolution. Remix culture is becoming the norm of our generation today. The elements of social evolution are behaviors, skills and ideas. It is who we are, how we live and how we create developing new ideas from old ones (Ferguson, 2012). With that being said, copying is how we learn and discover Ferguson, 2012). We cannot introduce anything new until we are certain that we know what we are doing, and we do that through emulation (Ferguson, 2012). Since our knowledge portrays who we are as individuals, it is important for people to demonstrate their creativity and skills to show express their identity (Dixon, 2009). People want to create and present their individuality and not Just consume. In the age of democratic media, the tools of media productions are literally at the palm of our hands (Gilmore, 2009). Furthermore, we can make what we create widely available for a global audience. Unlike traditional media, element of distribution of new media is Just by letting people know that it is available online for them to see (Gilmore, 2009). Based on the framework of our recent remediation project, we produced a reanimated video which was based on an online newspaper article, by coming up with new ways to describe the scenario, unique and appealing ways to edit, and present the ideas, sounds and visuals (Pelvis, 2009). By transforming a textual based news article into a short news report video without altering the initial original work, we have successfully created an entirely new media format through emendation. Consumers are always looking for new ways to approach new media by listening and viewing. They set the bar on what is worth their attention by how the story is being told, the idea of it, how it is able to capture their curiosity, and with the freedom to watch and listen (Pelvis, 2009). Referring to our remediation project as an example, we have made it available for viewers to see our video by publishing it on Faceable. The feedback that we have received from our remediation project is that it looks more interesting and engaging. Rather than reading something, it is much ore fascinating for our viewers and consumers to visually experience the scenario by creating a platform for them to experience it in a unique and rich way which also has some sense of our identity. Of course, new media has its shortcomings. The Internet has made it so easy for people to receive and distribute information, sometimes with harmful intentions. Users are allowed to curate and consume on their own terms, on their own choice and on their own moment in time (Mali, 2010). With the rise of such practices as remediation, piracy has become that much easier to get away with. Copyright and ownership restrictions have become tricky to lay down as this new online era has blurred the lines of legality pertaining to this issue. Not only is distribution made simpler when done online, the media being distributed also reaches devastatingly large amounts of people. In addition, if you use the Internet, you are one of 2,267,233,752 in the world that is capable of accessing pirated media online (Internet World Stats, 2011). To further clarify Just how wide of a net the Internet has thrown over the worlds population, look no further than Youth (n. D. ). On its chart of Most Viewed Videos of All Time, the current number one video is listed as having had 102,511,551 views. So as you can see, not only has new media indirectly caused acts of piracy to flourish, it has also made it that much more noticeable and accessible to the world. Taken as a whole, the web is not Just another medium like TV or radio is completely new and contemporary that comes with a whole new set of cultural notions (Lang, 2010). The web is the foundation of social evolution it changes how society thinks about information, media and their exchange. The process of remediation does alter the production and consumption process of media texts and with this revolution comes limitations and weaknesses however, old media should start adapting to what consumers want in order to survive the Internet explosion (Fine, 2006). For example, old media such as newspapers and magazines have started to become accustomed to the web by creating online versions of their articles to provide a flat reading experience often mimicking the print version. Furthermore, these old media institutions also use social networking features into their website (Ziegler, 2008).

Occipital Lobes and Visual Perception

Occipital Lobes and Visual Perception The occipital lobes are one of the four main lobes or regions of the cerebral cortex. These lobes are vital for receiving, processing, and interpreting sensory information. The occipital lobes are positioned at the posterior region of the cerebral cortex and are the main centers for visual processing. In addition to the occipital lobes, posterior portions of the parietal lobes and temporal lobes are also involved in visual perception. Location Directionally, the occipital lobes are positioned posterior to the  temporal lobes  and inferior to the  parietal lobes. They are located in the largest  division of the brain  known as the forebrain (prosencephalon). Located within the occipital lobes is the primary visual cortex. This region of the brain receives visual input from the retina. These visual signals are interpreted in the occipital lobes. Function The occipital lobes are involved in several functions of the body including: Visual PerceptionColor RecognitionReadingReading ComprehensionDepth PerceptionRecognition of Object Movement The occipital lobes receive and interpret visual information. Vision is the ability to detect images of visible light. The eyes transmit this information via nerve impulses to the visual cortex. The visual cortex takes this information and processes it so that we are able to determine colors, identify objects, identify shapes, and other aspects of visual perception. The visual information is then sent to the parietal lobes and temporal lobes for further processing. The parietal lobes use this visual information in conjunction with motor processes to perform such tasks as opening a door or brushing your teeth. The temporal lobes help to connect the visual information received with memories. Occipital Lobe Injuries Damage to the occipital lobes may result in a number of vision-related problems. Some of these issues include the inability to discern colors, vision loss, visual hallucinations, inability to identify words, and distorted visual perception.

Spanish Verbs Followed by De and an Infinitive

Spanish Verbs Followed by De and an Infinitive One common way of connecting verbs in Spanish that has no full equivalent in English is to follow the verb with the preposition de and an infinitive. A simple example would be a sentence such as Dejaron de fumar, where a conjugated form of the verb dejar (here meaning to give up or to quit) is followed by de and the infinitive fumar (meaning to smoke). This sentence would typically be translated as They quit smoking; although the infinitive after de is translated to English as a gerund, that isnt true in all cases where a verb and de are followed by an infinitive. Note that with most of these verbs, de isnt translated as of or from but gains its meaning as part of a unit with the verb. Commonly Used Verbs Followed by De Following are some of the verbs most commonly followed by de and an infinitive, along with examples of their usage. Note that many of the verbs have to do with ending an action. acabar de (to finish, usually recently): Acabo de leer la biografà ­a de Simà ³n Bolà ­var. (I just read Simon Bolivars biography.)debo de (to have to, to be obligated to):  ¿Quà © medicamentos debo de tomar? (What medications do I have to take?)dejar de (to quit, to abandon): Mi esposa quiere dejar de trabajar para cuidar a nuestro bebà ©. (My wife wants to quit working in order to take care of our baby.)depender de (to depend on): El futuro de nuestra sociedad depende de ganar la lucha al crimen organizado. (The future of our society depends on winning the fight against organized crime.)disuadir de (to dissuade from): La disuadà ­ de ir sola. (I talked her out of going alone.)haber de (should): Todos hemos de aprender a abrazar a los necesitados. (All of us should learn to embrace the needy.)parar de (to stop): Los aficionados no pararon de gritar durante todo el partido. (The fans didnt stop shouting for the entire game.)pensar de (to think about): Pienso de salir entre la 2 y 3 por la tarde. (Im thinking about leaving between 2 and 3 p.m.) terminar de (to quit, to stop): He terminado de creer en la humanidad. (I have quit believing in humanity.)tratar de (to try to): Trata de ser feliz con lo que tienes. (Try to be happy with what you have.) Reflexive Verbs Followed by De Many of the reflexive verbs followed by de and an infinitive involve mental processes and/or actions based on emotions: acordarse de (to remember): No me acuerdo de ver a nadie sacando fotos. (I dont remember seeing anyone taking pictures.)alegrarse de (to be happy to): Se alegra de haber realizado el cambio y afirma que eso era la carrera que estaba buscando. (He is happy to have made the change and says that was the career he was looking for.)arrepentirse de (to regret, to repent of): Mi hija se arrepintià ³ de subir el video de su novio a YouTube. (My daughter regretted uploading the video of her boyfriend to YouTube.)cansarse de (to tire of): Nunca me canso de verte. (I never get tired of seeing you.)jactarse de (to boast about): El presidente se jactà ³ de que la economà ­a estaba estableciendo rà ©cords. (The president bragged that the economy was setting records.)olvidarse de (to forget): Me olvidà © de comprar leche. (I forgot to buy milk.)preocuparse de (to worry about): Como no me he preocupado de nacer, no me preocupo de morir. (cita de Federico Garcà ­a Lorca) (Just as I havent worri ed about being born, I dont worry about dying. (quote from Federico Garcà ­a Lorca)) quejarse de (to complain about): Muchas personas se quejan de trabajar mucho, pero yo les digo que demos gracias a Dios de tener un trabajo. (Many people complain about working a lot, but I tell them lets give thanks to God for having a job.) Key Takeaways Some Spanish verbs are typically followed by de and an infinitive. The combination of the verb and de can be thought of as having a meaning in itself, so that the de usually isnt translated as of or from.Many of the verb de combinations involve the ceasing of action.Many of the reflexive verb de combinations involve mental actions.

Postal rule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Postal rule - Essay Example Its main effect is that the danger of acceptance being lost or delivered late by post is completely placed on the offered. Thus, if the offered is unwilling to accept the risk involved, he can acquire the actual receipt before binding legally. (Cook, 2008) Acceptance and offer analysis is an age-old approach of contract law, which is used in order to determine whether there is an agreement between two individuals or parties. A number of things can be offered, like a fax, newspaper, letter, email and also conduct as long as it conveys the idea of the offered given in the contract. An invitation to treat is not considered as an offer as it only indicates that a person is willing to discuss a contract. If the person the offer has been made to rejects it, the offer is destroyed, as it cannot be received in the future. Like in the case of Hyde v. Wrench, in reply to an offer for selling an estate at a definite price, the plaintiff responded with a lower price. Thus, the offer was then refused and when the plaintiff wanted to buy the estate at the former price, they could not as no contract was signed with the initial offer and hence it did not exist. (Undy, 1996) In revocation of an offer, the offered can revoke the offer even before it has been accepted, but this revocation must be conveyed to the person offered to. If a certain offer has been made to the whole world, like in Carlill's case, the revocation must be in the same form as the offer. Acceptance is the final expression of agreement to the terms of the offer. There are several rules of acceptance. An acceptance must be conveyed; as before making an acceptance the offer can be withdrawn. Only the person the offer has been offered to can accept the offer. The latter, is not responsible if some other person accepts the offer without his knowledge. If any method of acceptance, like email or post, is specified in the offer, then only those methods can be used which are as effective as the one given. Lastly, like in the Felthouse v. Bindley case, silence cannot be taken as acceptance. The offer is rejected or terminated in case the offered dies. In such case if the offer is still accepted, it remains valid. However, if the person the offer has been made to dies, then the offer becomes invalid. (Hedley, 2006) In recent times, among the easiest of legal questions asked in the field of contract law is linked with the advances in computer technology and is whether the mailbox rule should be applicable to the most modern and very quickly becoming the most accepted mode of communication - electronic mail or simply email. Today we live in the silicon age and this age has given us the world of the cyberspace. It has been debated over and over again whether postal rule should be applied to email. Both post and email are almost same. An email does not directly reach its destination. Thus, the sender does not have any control over the message. It reaches its destination taking incremental steps just like post. Thus, none of the parties can be blamed for a delay. Therefore, we can see that postal rule can be applied to email. (Lasensky, 2005) In conclusion, it should be stated that the judges in Brinkibon also noticed that this mode of communica

English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English - Research Paper Example This means that if anything goes wrong, he or she carries the blame. Therefore, the HRM with the help of other managers can employ various methods as a way of optimizing the organization’s profit. Such methods include; yield management and revenue optimizing strategies (Grabski, 2012). For instance, yield optimization in is a practice that uses models as a means of analyzing data and information to forecast the best output of the organization. Hence, the organization should be able to meet all its demands while optimizing its revenue. Second, optimization is an attempt of taking any information on the organization’s operating hiccups, the market demands and also the factors influencing them as a method of getting the optimal selling prices and the optimal production of the organization goods. Last strategy is revenue optimization whereby this is a process of finding the highest possible revenue that the organization can give (Andriole, 2006). Therefore, this paper has d iscussed the mentioned methods and their contribution towards the rise of poor performing organizations. Grabski, S. V. (2012). Transfer pricing in complex organizations: a review and integration of recent empirical and analytical research. In Readings in Accounting for Management Control (pp. 453-495). Springer

Women’s History Essay Example for Free

Women’s History Essay Women have fought for many years to gain rights and the ability to be treated as man’s equal. Women have earned the right to vote and work outside the home in jobs that were classically men’s work. Women earned the right to serve their country during wartime. However, women must work harder to prove that they are worthy of being treated as an equal. Women have made great advances in civil rights since 1865, but they still have a long way to go to be treated as man’s equal. 1865-1900 During this time period, women in the United States gained a little independence with the westward expansion. They had to learn to operate all machinery and to run their homestead just as well as their husbands in case of an emergency when he was not around. There were many homesteads that were entirely run by women. These women were widows that moved either west after their husbands died or inherited the land after their husbands or ancestor’s death. During the 1900’s women worked as domestic laborers such as maids, cooks, waitresses, and launderers. Some women obtained manufacturing jobs for pay that was significantly less than male workers (Bowles, 2012). Women were also beginning to become teachers. One in every four teachers were women. By 1900, three out of every four teachers were women (Bowles, 2012). After the slaves were freed in the South, the African American women took jobs as domestic workers. These were the same jobs that they had when they were slaves, only they were now able to earn a wage. In the homes that could not afford to hire outside domestic labor, the women of the home were forced to take on the responsibilities of running a home and  some had to obtain jobs outside the home. These women took jobs outside of the home preparing meals, sewing in factories, and domestic work in upper class homes. There were few women in industrial jobs, mostly sewing factories where they worked on an assembly line. Women began getting jobs in the clerical field, as the typewriter was better suited to their fingers. Other fields that were opening up to women workers were teaching, nursing, social work, and retail clerks. The women working outside the home were from the lower and middle class, single women, immigrants or African Americans. The upper class women did not get jobs outside the home, but many volunteered their time to causes that they felt strongly about. Elizabeth Cady Stanton started the fight for woman’s equal rights and their right to vote. Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments for Women in 1848. In 1868, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony began the National Woman Suffrage Association and wrote the Revolution a weekly publication that prompted equal rights for women. Susan B Anthony was arrested for illegally voting in the 1872 presidential election (The Bibliography Channel, 2011). The amendment to allow women to vote was introduced to congress in 1878; however, E. C. Stanton and S. B. Anthony died before the amendment was passed into law. 1900-1920 There were nine western states allowed women to vote by 1912. One of those states was Montana. In 1916, Jeannette Rankin decided to run for a seat in the House of Representatives. She was elected in 1917 and played an integral part to the women’s right to vote. She fought for the creation of a Women’s Suffrage Committee and was appointed to it upon its creation (Office of History and Preservation, 2007). This committee wrote the Constitutional Amendment that would allow women the right to vote. On May 21, 1919, The House of Representatives passed the amendment and the senate passed it 2 weeks later. On August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the 36th state to allow women the right to vote. When Tennessee ratified the amendment, this allowed Congress to pass the amendment since three-quarters of the states agreed. Women gained the right to vote with the 19th amendment that was certified on August 26, 1920 (National Archives, 2012). Although women gained the right to vote during this period, their employment opportunities were still limited. They were still accepted as teachers, nurses or social workers, retail sales, domestic labor, nuns and in the clerical field. As women filled the clerical positions, employers offered les pay to the female workers than the male workers had received (Bowles, 2011). Most women attended all female colleges or business schools during this time, as there were a few colleges that allowed co-education of men and women. There were also limits on what a woman could do after obtaining her degree, as it was still not acceptable for women to hold other jobs. Women’s fashion during this time period changed. Many women began to stop wearing the corsets that were so popular during the 1800’s. The length of their dresses became shorter. Instead of floor length, the hem rose to their mid-calf (Bowles, 2011). Women also began to wear makeup and cut their hair short. This represented a woman’s freedom to do what he wished with her body. Women also started to become more athletic and outdoorsy, shedding the Victorian ideals of keeping the skin pale by staying out of the sun. Women also started to smoke as a sign of freedom and rebellion. Margaret Sanger was a nurse in New York when she wrote a newspaper column titled â€Å"What Every Girl Should Know† (Biography.com, 2012). She started a publication called The Woman Rebel in 1914 in which she advocated a woman’s right to â€Å"birth control†. In 1916, she opened the first clinic specializing in birth control, where she gave out information, condoms and fitted women for diaphragms to prevent pregnancy. She felt that it was a woman’s right to decide if and when to have children and that a woman would never be free until she was allowed that choice. In 1921, Margaret Sanger started the American Birth Control League. When World War I began in 1919, the clerical field was completely feminized (Bowles, 2012). During this war, 20,000 women worked in the armed forces, one quarter of these women were nurses stationed overseas (Bowles, 2012). They also took over the family farms and drove trucks during the war. They volunteered their time to promoting Liberty Bonds, teaching food conservation and sending supplies overseas. Their participation in the war efforts were then used as an example why they should be have an equal say in the political matters of the  country they helped to defend. 1920-1945 During the 1920’s after earning the right to vote, women were able to express themselves in the political arena, so they also began expressing themselves in other area. Their fashion and lifestyles became â€Å"freer†, thus earning the name of â€Å"Flappers† (Bowles, 2011). These women wore their hair very short, wore a lot of makeup, and wore shirts or dresses that were at or above knee length. They were more apt to explore sex since birth control was available. They became very liberated during this time period. During the Great Depression, women suffered as much as the men. Women’s wages were decreased or jobs lost depending on the industry that they worked in. Many home became multi-family homes and the women became responsible for the care and feeding of more people. When the Great Depression started to subside, the United States government allowed women to obtain retirement and unemployment benefits when the Social Security Program began. This program was started by Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor. She was the first woman to hold a position in the Presidential Cabinet (Biography.com, 2012). There were also great advances in technology that produced more housework for women. With more advanced stoves, vacuum cleaners, washing machines and refrigerators the expected care of the home increased, thus creating more work for the women of the home.

Dali and Surrealism Essays -- Painter Painters Artists Art Dali Essays

Salvador Dali was born in 1904 in Figueras, Spain. He had an elder brother who died prior to his birth by nine months. This incident affected him throughout his life. His parents looked at him as reincarnation of his dead brother. He was taken to his brother’s grave and was given free reign of the Dali household which stayed with him throughout his life. Since he was treated differently and in a special way, in strongly influenced his personality. Hence, Dali had a unique and clear character. Living both himself and his brother caused him an obsession concerning decay and putrefaction. This appeared in his paintings in the image of dead corpses or insects. Dali was not a brilliant student, but he was somehow aware of his genius at a young age. In 1917, his father organized his first exhibition. In 1922 Dali was accepted at the Academia de San Fernando in Madrid. In 1923, he was very interested in Cubism which showed in his paintings of that time (Biography 1904-1929). In 1929, two very important incidents happened to Dali. The first was meeting Gala Eluard, the wife of the French poet Paul Eluard; later they became inseparable. The second event was him joining the Paris Surrealists. He paid an expensive price for both gifts, first his father threw him out of the house and it took him many years to heal this incident. In 1934, he was expelled of the Paris group. In 1940, he and Gala left France only one week before Nazi invasion, and it was Picasso who paid for their tra...

Marketing and Robertson Tool

Q) If you were Mr. Vincent would you try to gain control of Robertson tool in May 2003 If I were Mr. Vincent , yes I would like to gain control of Robertson tool in May 2003. The synergy after acquiring as well as profits which would be gained after the merger will be more than the cost of the merger. Monmouth had earlier acquired Dessex. It acquired a quality product line, an established distribution system of 15000 retail hardware stores spread across United States as well as in Canada and Mexico. The Acquisition of Dessex provided a solid base for the other two companies which were added, Keane and Kroll.Keane was highly profitable but was under mismanagement whereas Kroll was a leading supplier of soldering tools to industries, electronics and consumer market. The sales force in Monmouth’s Dessex-Kroll-Keane tools lines overlap with Robertson and this would provide a one of the opportunities of lowering costs of operations. Robertson was one of the largest domestic manufac tures of cutting and edge hand tools and a leader in its two main product areas. This well fitted with Monmouth’s strategy to acquire only leading companies in their respective market segments.The two companies will also complement each other in terms of their sources of earnings where Robertson’s’ strength in the industrial market and its strong European distribution system would of great asset and would pull Monmouth’s products strengthening their presence in this market. Acquisition of Robertson Tool fits well with Monmouth’ diversification strategy and will allow them to broaden markets and be less sensitive to the general economic conditions. Robertson has great distribution system with coverage all over the world.Robertson is believed to have the strength to grow as fast as other companies in terms of sales (6%-7%) in its industry. More importantly, it could provide Monmouth the diversification of product line. The expansion in the hand tool market would lessen the volatility of Monmouth caused by the cyclical nature of heavy machinery and equipment sales. Besides, Monmouth could help Robertson Tool reduce its cost of goods sold and selling expenses substantially, due to the elimination of sales and advertising duplication and excessive number of products.The two companies would also be complementary since they each dominate in the industrial and consumer market. Q) Why is Simmons eager to sell its position to Monmouth for 50$ per share? Simmons wanted to gain a majority stake at Robertson yet he was falling short of 249000 shares which needed to give him majority control. Simmons now feared that Robertson might merge with NDP and he would have to receive NDP common stock for its 177000 shares of Robinson Stock which he knew wasn’t good at all.On the other hand, a merger of Monmouth and Robertson would allow Simmons to convert its share into common stock of Monmouth at an acceptable exchange rate. Simmons expecte d a rebound from cyclical downturn and Monmouth stock would show price appreciation. The stock was traded on NYSE which provided substantial liquidity. So he agreed for 50$ per share as it was a good price. Moreover the Book value was $53 so it seemed to be a pretty good deal for Simmons. Marketing and Robertson Tool Q) If you were Mr. Vincent would you try to gain control of Robertson tool in May 2003 If I were Mr. Vincent , yes I would like to gain control of Robertson tool in May 2003. The synergy after acquiring as well as profits which would be gained after the merger will be more than the cost of the merger. Monmouth had earlier acquired Dessex. It acquired a quality product line, an established distribution system of 15000 retail hardware stores spread across United States as well as in Canada and Mexico. The Acquisition of Dessex provided a solid base for the other two companies which were added, Keane and Kroll.Keane was highly profitable but was under mismanagement whereas Kroll was a leading supplier of soldering tools to industries, electronics and consumer market. The sales force in Monmouth’s Dessex-Kroll-Keane tools lines overlap with Robertson and this would provide a one of the opportunities of lowering costs of operations. Robertson was one of the largest domestic manufac tures of cutting and edge hand tools and a leader in its two main product areas. This well fitted with Monmouth’s strategy to acquire only leading companies in their respective market segments.The two companies will also complement each other in terms of their sources of earnings where Robertson’s’ strength in the industrial market and its strong European distribution system would of great asset and would pull Monmouth’s products strengthening their presence in this market. Acquisition of Robertson Tool fits well with Monmouth’ diversification strategy and will allow them to broaden markets and be less sensitive to the general economic conditions. Robertson has great distribution system with coverage all over the world.Robertson is believed to have the strength to grow as fast as other companies in terms of sales (6%-7%) in its industry. More importantly, it could provide Monmouth the diversification of product line. The expansion in the hand tool market would lessen the volatility of Monmouth caused by the cyclical nature of heavy machinery and equipment sales. Besides, Monmouth could help Robertson Tool reduce its cost of goods sold and selling expenses substantially, due to the elimination of sales and advertising duplication and excessive number of products.The two companies would also be complementary since they each dominate in the industrial and consumer market. Q) Why is Simmons eager to sell its position to Monmouth for 50$ per share? Simmons wanted to gain a majority stake at Robertson yet he was falling short of 249000 shares which needed to give him majority control. Simmons now feared that Robertson might merge with NDP and he would have to receive NDP common stock for its 177000 shares of Robinson Stock which he knew wasn’t good at all.On the other hand, a merger of Monmouth and Robertson would allow Simmons to convert its share into common stock of Monmouth at an acceptable exchange rate. Simmons expecte d a rebound from cyclical downturn and Monmouth stock would show price appreciation. The stock was traded on NYSE which provided substantial liquidity. So he agreed for 50$ per share as it was a good price. Moreover the Book value was $53 so it seemed to be a pretty good deal for Simmons.

Literacy & Numeracy Difficulties

As stated by Robinson (Foreman, P. 2008), Difficulties with Literacy and Numeracy affect and influence all aspects of school achievement. It is the largest disability in the community. Literacy and Numeracy problems are not always visible. Intervention is needed earlier to ensure the learning gap is not enhanced. Children with learning difficulties need to be identified in the foundation years to enable early intervention. Learning difficulties in Literacy and Numeracy leads to a downward learning cycle; as a lack of achievement causes a lack of motivation and confidence, which causes a further lack of achievement (Hunter-Carsch 2001). Teachers need to recognise and respond by tailoring instruction to the student’s interests, put in the time to motivate students to read, by developing the student’s confidence and commitment. Teachers need to understand how students feel and how to support them. The interactive model approach is becoming increasingly accepted, as it uses both the whole word/stories and letter-sound association in learning to read. This enables all students to learn reading strategies in the learning environment, with the effective intervention using phonological, semantic and syntactic cues. Literacy difficulties affect numeracy learning. Students need to learn basic mathematics for sufficient skills to survive in daily living. This is an essential component of the NCLB Act. Students must understand the language and concepts of mathematics, along with the processes of basic problem solving. Mathematics requires a detailed word-by-word approach, (Henderson 2001;Jitendra et al. 1998), to ensure a student builds an understanding of basic mathematical language and concepts. To achieve the understanding of basic mathematics language and concepts emphasis needs to be placed on doing things that relate to the students life and everyday activities, using concrete materials that reflect this. Students with learning difficulties have memory deficits which impair their ability to memorise information, therefore instruction should focus on the ‘figuring out the number facts’ (Ginsburge 1997). Early intervention can also come from parental input using resources such as ‘Tool kits for Parents’. Students need to see that tasks are meaningful and be able to be confident to complete tasks. To do this activities and resources used are to be specific to the students’ needs and interests and be clearly demonstrated to them. Identifying materials and resources to their local community would enable this. This is backed by McMillan (2011) and Rief, S. F & Heimburge, J. A. (2006) Ch. 3 Understanding and Reaching Special Populations of Students. Reference list Carnellor, Y (2004) Teaching Mathematics to Children with Learning Disabilities, Encouraging Mathematical Success to Children with Learning Difficulties, 2004. Ch. 1 pp. 1-10. Social Science Press, Australia. McMillan, J (2011) Classroom Assessment – Principles and Practice for Effective Standards-Based Instruction, 5th Ed, Boston, M. A: Pearson. Rief, S. F & Heimburghe, J. A, (2006). How to reach and teach all children in the inclusive classroom (2nd Ed. ). San Francisco: Wiley. Pp. 36-40. Robinson ‘Understanding Literacy and Numeracy’ Ch. 7, pp. 247-254; 285-289. Foreman, P. (2008) Inclusion in action. Cengage Learning. Robinson ‘Developing Literacy and Numeracy Skills’ Ch. 8, pp. 303-308. Foreman, P. (2008) Inclusion in action. Cengage Learning.

The Chronicles of Narnia and Atuhor C.S. Lewis FAQs

The Chronicles of Narnia and Atuhor C.S. Lewis FAQs What are The Chronicles of Narnia? The Chronicles of Narnia consist of a series of seven fantasy novels for children by C.S. Lewis, including The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. The books, listed below in the order in which the C.S. Lewis wanted them to be read, are – Book 1 - The Magician’s Nephew (1955)Book 2 - The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)Book 3 - The Horse and His Boy (1954)Book 4 - Prince Caspian (1951)Book 5 - The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952)Book 6 - The Silver Chair (1953)Book 7 - The Last Battle (1956). These childrens books are not only very popular with 8-12 year olds, but teens and adults also enjoy them. Why has there been confusion about the order of the books? When C.S. Lewis wrote the first book (The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) in what would become The Chronicles of Narnia, he wasn’t planning on writing a series. As you will note from the copyrights in parentheses in the book list above, the books were not written in chronological order, so there was some confusion as to the order in which they should be read. The publisher, HarperCollins, is presenting the books in the order that C.S. Lewis requested. What is the theme of The Chronicles of Narnia? The Chronicles of Narnia deals with the struggle between good and evil. Much has been made of the Chronicles as a Christian allegory, with the lion sharing many of the characteristics of Christ. After all, when he wrote the books, C.S. Lewis was a well-known scholar and Christian writer. However, Lewis made it clear that was not how he approached writing the Chronicles. Did C.S. Lewis write The Chronicles of Narnia as a Christian allegory? In his essay, Sometimes Fairy Stories May Say Best Whats to be Said (Of Other Worlds: Essays and Stories), Lewis stated, Some people seem to think that I began by asking myself how I could say something about Christianity to children; then fixed on the fairy tale as an instrument; then collected information about child-psychology and decided what age group Id write for; then drew up a list of basic Christian truths and hammered out allegories to embody them. This is all pure moonshine. How did C.S. Lewis approach writing The Chronicles of Narnia? In the same essay, Lewis stated, Everything began with images; a faun carrying an umbrella, a queen on a sledge, a magnificent lion. At first there wasnt anything Christian about them; that element pushed itself in of its own accord. Given Lewis’s strong Christian faith, that is not surprising. In fact, once the story was established, Lewis said he ...saw how stories of this kind could steal past a certain inhibition which had paralysed much of my own religion in childhood. How much of the Christian references do children pick up on? That depends on the child. As New York Times journalist A.O. Scott stated in his review of the movie version of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, â€Å"To the millions since the 1950s for whom the books have been a source of childhood enchantment, Lewiss religious intentions have either been obvious, invisible or beside the point.† The children I have talked to simply see the Chronicles as a good story, although when parallels to the Bible and life of Christ are pointed out, older children are interested in discussing them. Why is The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe so popular? Although The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is the second in the series, it was the first of the Chronicles books that C.S. Lewis wrote. As I said, when he wrote it, he was not planning on a series. Of all the books in the series, The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe seems to be the one that has most captured the imaginations of young readers. All the publicity surrounding the December 2005 release of the movie version also greatly increased the public’s interest in the book. Are any of The Chronicles of Narnia on VHS or DVD? Between 1988 and 1990 the BBC aired The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Prince Caspian and Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and The Silver Chair as a TV series. It was then edited to create the three movies now available on DVD. Your public library may have copies available. The more recent Narnia movies are also available on DVD. A more recent movie version of The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe was released in 2005. My nine-year old grandson and I saw the movie together; we both loved it. The next Chronicles movie, Prince Caspian, was released in 2007, followed by The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, released in December 2010. For more information about the movies, go to The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, and . Who was C.S. Lewis? Clives Staples Lewis was born in 1898 in Belfast, Ireland and died in 1963, just seven years after completing The Chronicles of Narnia. When he was nine, Lewis’s mother died, and he and his brother were sent to a series of boarding schools. Although raised a Christian, Lewis lost his faith while a teenager. Despite having his education interrupted by World War I, Lewis graduated from Oxford. C.S. Lewis gained a reputation as a Medieval and Renaissance scholar, and as a Christian writer of great influence. After twenty-nine years at Oxford, in 1954, Lewis became Chair of Medieval and Renaissance Literature at Cambridge University and remained there until he retired. Among C.S. Lewiss most well-known books are Mere Christianity, The Screwtape Letters, The Four Loves, and The Chronicles of Narnia. (Sources: Articles on the C.S. Lewis Institute Web site, Of Other Worlds: Essays and Stories)

Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)

Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples) Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples) Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples) By Ali Hale At some point in life, you’re almost certainly going to have to write a reference letter for someone. It might be a former employee or student, or even a family friend. Here’s what you need to know about the purpose of reference letters and how to write the most effective letter possible. Note: I will be using â€Å"candidate† to refer to the person who the reference letter is about, â€Å"you† to refer to the person writing the reference letter, and â€Å"recipient† to refer to the person receiving the letter. I’ll emphasise here, though, that reference letters are not only for job or academic â€Å"candidates†, it’s just a handy term to use to keep this article straightforward! What is a reference letter and when are they used? A reference letter is usually written to testify to a person or (occasionally) a company’s skills, character and/or achievements. Sometimes a reference letter is known as a â€Å"recommendation letter†. It is a formal document, and should be typed and written in a serious and business-like style. Reference letters are used in a wide variety of situations; there is no definitive list that covers all possible scenarios. The most common examples are: When a candidate applies for a job, they may need a reference to support their application. If an interviewee is given a job offer, they may need to supply a reference letter before the contract can be signed. A student applying for an academic course often requires a reference letter to support their application. A student applying for funding will often need to supply reference letters. Companies may use reference letters as testimonies to their trustworthiness and ability to carry out a job well. Prospective tenants may need to provide their landlord with a reference letter, testifying to their good financial status. (This could be from a prior landlord or from a current employer.) Who should write a reference letter? If you are approached and asked to write a reference letter for a job candidate, a student or a company, consider whether you can legitimately do so. A reference letter is a formal document, and it is crucial that you do not lie or fudge the truth in it, or there could be legal repercussions. If someone wants a reference letter from you: The candidate should be someone you know reasonably well. For example, you cannot provide any authoritative comment on the academic ability of a student who’s only been attending your lectures for a week. You should know the candidate in a capacity which gives you the ability to write a meaningful reference. For example, if you have worked with the person, it would be appropriate for you to write a reference letter to a prospective employer for them. You should be able to provide an honest and positive reference. If you truly feel that the candidate has no good qualities for you to emphasis, or if you have had a personality clash with them in the past, you should tell them to seek a reference letter from someone else. What goes into a reference letter? The exact structure of a reference letter will differ slightly depending on the type of reference it is, but this is a good basic outline: Start using the business letter format: put the recipient’s name and address, if known, and address them as â€Å"Dear [name]†. If the recipient is currently unknown (this would be likely on an academic application, for instance), then use â€Å"Dear Sir/Madam† or â€Å"To whom it may concern†. It is often helpful to introduce yourself in the first couple of lines of your letter. The recipient will not need your life history: just give a brief sentence or two explaining your position and your relationship to the candidate. Your next paragraph should confirm any facts which you know the candidate will be supplying along with your letter. For example, if you are writing a reference for a job applicant, some or all of these details may be appropriate: The person’s job title, and role within the company. The person’s leaving salary when they were last employed by you (or your organisation). The dates which the person was employed from and until. If you are writing a reference letter for an academic course, you will need to confirm the person’s academic grades. In your third paragraph, you should provide your judgement upon the candidate’s skills and qualities. It is often appropriate to state that you would gladly re-employ them, or that their contributions to your college class were highly valued. Single out any exceptional qualities that the candidate has – perhaps their drive and enthusiasm, their attention to detail, or their ability to lead. Where possible, use your fourth paragraph to give a couple of concrete examples of times when the candidate excelled. (You may want to ask the candidate to tell you about any extra-curricular projects they’ve been involved in, or invite them to highlight anything they’d particularly like you to include in the reference letter.) Close your letter on a positive note, and if you are willing to receive further correspondence about the candidate’s application, make this clear. Include your contact details too. As with any business letter, you should end appropriately; â€Å"Yours sincerely† when you are writing to a named recipient, and â€Å"Yours faithfully† when you do not know who will be receiving the letter. Things to avoid Make sure that you avoid: Mentioning any weaknesses the candidate has. Saying anything that could be construed as libel. Writing in an informal manner: keep the letter business-like. Jokes, slang and casual language are not appropriate and may harm the candidates chances. Including personal information not relevant to the application. Mentioning the candidate’s race, political stance, religion, nationality, marital status, age or health is usually inappropriate. Spelling mistakes, sloppy writing or typos: this letter is hugely important to the candidate, and you should take care to make it look professional. Reference Letter Examples There are a number of good templates for reference letters available on Business Balls. I’ve included one below, which would be appropriate for a general-purpose reference – if you were writing a reference in your capacity as the candidate’s former employer, you would need to include more specific details: Date To whom it may concern I confirm that I have known (name) for (number) years. (State relationship social, business, working together in some other capacity, club, activity, project, etc.) At all times I have found (name/him/her) to be (state characteristics eg, dependable, reliable, hard-working, conscientious, honest, peace-loving, courteous, etc to be as helpful as possible think about what the reader will most prefer to see, in terms of satisfying concerns, or seeing evidence of relevant required skills or characteristics). Im happy to provide further information if required. (optional) Yours faithfully, etc. You can find examples of full reference letters on About.com’s â€Å"job searching† section. They list letters appropriate for a variety of different situations: here’s one from a previous employer in support of a job candidate: To Whom it May Concern: I highly recommend Jane Doe as a candidate for employment. Jane was employed by Company Name as an Administrative Assistant from 2002 2005. Jane was responsible for office support including word processing, scheduling appointments and creating brochures, newsletters, and other office literature. Jane has excellent communication skills. In addition, she is extremely organized, reliable and computer literate. Jane can work independently and is able to follow through to ensure that the job gets done. She is flexible and willing to work on any project that is assigned to her. Jane was quick to volunteer to assist in other areas of company operations, as well. Jane would be a tremendous asset for your company and has my highest recommendation. If you have any further questions with regard to her background or qualifications, please do not hesitate to call me. Sincerely, John Smith Title Company Address Phone Email If you are still unsure what best to include in the reference letter, imagine yourself in the position of the candidate’s prospective employer, or of the panel reading his/her academic application. What information would they need to know? What qualities would they like their candidates to have? Obviously, you should never lie or mislead in a reference letter, but you should try to focus on areas which will give the recipient the most useful information possible about the candidate. Video Recap How to Ask for a Reference Letter If you’re in the position of requiring a reference from a past employer or from someone who taught you at school or university, then you need to approach them in an appropriate way. â€Å"Appropriate† might be quite formal or quite informal, depending on your relationship with them. For instance, if you’re approaching a lecturer who taught you along with dozens of other students and who does not know you well, it’s appropriate to be quite formal; if you’re approaching your former line manager, who you shared nights out and weekends away with for years, then being formal would seem strangely standoffish. In a fairly formal context, you might write something like this: Dear (name) I hope all is going well (at their company / in their department). I’m applying for (give brief details of the role or position you’re applying for). Would you be able to provide a reference letter for me? I’d be very grateful. You can send it to   (add the name and contact details here) With thanks in advance, (Your name) If you’re approaching someone who you’re on very friendly terms with, it’s really up to you to decide what to say. Whatever the situation, it often makes sense to mention particular points that it would be helpful for the reference to cover (e.g. â€Å"The company is especially keen to know about my experience with summarising complex information quickly, as that will be a major part of the role.†) It can also be helpful to include details that the person writing the letter may not be aware of. For instance, if you took part in significant extra-curricular activities at university alongside your studies, you may want to mention this. Writing a Reference Letter: Quick Summary When you’re writing a reference letter, you should: Ascertain why the referee needs the letter. A reference letter for an academic position will read very different from a reference letter for a prospective landlord. Consider whether you can reasonably provide the type of reference required. If you do not know the candidate well, or if you are unable to give them a positive reference, you should encourage them to seek someone else. Format your letter as a standard business letter, and briefly introduce yourself at the start. Confirm key facts about the applicant (e.g. how long they worked for you, and in what role). Provide your judgement upon the candidate’s skills and qualities. Be honest, but do focus on the things that you feel will reflect the candidate in a positive light. If you’re asking someone to provide a reference letter, you should approach them in an appropriate way, and give them the information they need in order to write you a good reference. Reference Letter Quiz For each question, select the correct answer. 1. Your reference letter should be formatted as: A business letter An informal letter 2. When writing a reference letter, you should focus on the candidates weaknesses strengths 3. If you dont know someone well enough to write a good, honest reference, you should: sk them to write the whole reference so you can just sign your name to it Suggest they find someone else to write it 4. When you write a reference letter, the spelling and grammar are important dont really matter Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceExpanded and ExtendedRite, Write, Right, Wright

Reading response 11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading response 11 - Assignment Example Every individual differs in ability to perform easy and difficult tasks which means it is the variation of WM that differentiates one person from the other. Numbers can be remembered by storing in phonological short-term memory (PSTM), and since such storage can rapidly decay therefore rehearsal process is adopted which is hindered by similar sounding items or long length of words. Short-term memory is enhanced through repetition of words known and the maximum ability to do so in correct order is known as digit span which again depends on articulation rate. In order to assess the capacity of PSTM, one needs to repeat nonsense words, and if long length of such words can be remembered it means PSTM’s capacity is strong. In digit span and nonword repetition, one has to remember not only the items but also the correct sequence. The composition of WM is important for language learning provided the learning process is explicit which means it is intentionally controlled. In another chapter, DeKeyser explores the age effects in second language (L2) learning. It is a common phenomenon that children brought up in a foreign country grow up to speak the native language in their true essence while the parents retain accent of their own language. Researchers have suggested that starting to learn L2 at early age is more convenient since brain plasticity decreases in later age. Although adults can easily learn L2 but still this theory is not opposed for three reasons. One is that adults already have the experience of leaning a language which means they are aware of the basics of learning. Secondly, adults have more cognitive power and so can easily learn specific facets of L2. Finally in spite of learning L2, adults fail to reach the native standard of pronunciation. There are other factors attached to the critical period hypothesis. Studies have shown that children invariably attain native standard L2 which however

Project management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project management - Coursework Example Several studies revealed that majority of traffic collision is caused by human factors related to intoxication or the use of cell phones while driving (Strayer & Drews, 2004; Strayer, Drews, & Johnston, 2003; Williamson, Feyer, Friswel, & Finlay-Brown, 2001). In some cases, other forms of visual or sound distraction such as the presence of billboard in highways or the use of loud radio could also promote road accidents (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2008). To prevent unnecessary deaths caused by traffic collision, this project initiation document will discuss the importance of joint training and exercises as a way to improve the multi-agency response to road traffic collision. Project Aim / Goal The aim of this project is to develop and implement a joint training and exercises programs that will improve the multi-agency response to road traffic collision. Project Objectives The following project objectives will be considered to ensure that the project goal is attainable: 1. To e ncourage the health care team (doctors, emergency care medical personnel, and nurses) to participate and work together with other related agencies like police department, traffic enforcement group, and the transport department in developing and implementing a joint training and exercise programs that will reduce the number of controllable traffic collision that happens each day; and 2. To educate the public about human factors that can contribute to controllable traffic collision and how to avoid vehicular accidents. Project Benefits This project will not only increase the public awareness concerning the public with regards to the primary causes of traffic collision, it will also serve as a means of reducing the number of deaths due to vehicular accidents. Since vehicular accidents related to traffic collision could create socio-economic and emotional problems on the part of the victims’ family and loved ones, the project benefits can be more than the cost of encouraging the health care team (doctors, emergency care medical personnel, and nurses) to participate and work together with other related agencies like police department, traffic enforcement group, and the transport department in developing and implementing a joint training and exercise programs that aims to reduce the number of controllable traffic collision. Project Costs Based on the work breakdown structure presented on page 4, the estimated cost of this project is ?2,330,000. (See Appendix I – Summary of Work Breakdown Structure on page 8) Business Case Based on the World Health Organization (2002) report, the global death associated with traffic collision is roughly 5 million each year whereas physical injuries caused these vehicular accidents can be as much as 12% of the total annual deaths (Peden, McGee, & Sharma, 2010). On top of the large number of road traffic injury cases, between 20 to 50 million people who becomes a victim of traffic collision has suffered from serious physi cal injuries (Geetha et al., 2010). Since the annual hospital cost of physical injuries related to traffic collision is between $65 billion to $100 billion (Geetha et al., 2010), implementing the proposed project with a budget of ?2,330,000 can be considered highly feasible. By implementing this project, the government will be able to save more people from going through the burden of paying large amount of money on hospital bills but also save the lives of thousands and

Liturgy and the Microphone Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Liturgy and the Microphone - Coursework Example Experience would tell me that an effective sermon touches certain domains of the mind and the heart and provokes past as well as present personal issues. These issues may refer to encounters of pain, happiness, or grief. Most of all, they refer to matters pertaining to spirituality and how it can be strengthened. Eliot describes such a phenomenon as the workings of the â€Å"auditory imagination† in which the mind seems to travel back in time and results in a merging of earlier and current times (qtd. in Mcluhan 107). As the words lull in the distance, a kind of progression takes place especially when the message is relevant to what has happened or what is presently happening in the person’s life. The microphone then is like an instrument in neuro-linguistic programming that is often used as a therapeutic intervention to deal with various psychological problems. By listening to a psychotherapist, the person is being guided to a particular place in his consciousness that will give him access to personal issues and gradually attempt to resolve them in the same plane. However, the depth of mental and emotional processing that will take place is still dependent on the listener’s willingness to focus on what is being said. If the person is not really interested in the message or is too distracted by other thoughts to allow anything else to sink in, the volume and quality of the sound produced through the microphone will not matter to any extent. As such, the microphone may involve a public address system during the mass, but the overall experience in consciousness is still private and individual. Similarly, I disagree with Mcluhan’s contention that the use of the vernacular pace through the microphone discourages meditation unlike what is happening during a relaxed Latin Mass (Mcluhan 110). Among all the church goers, only a few could comprehend Latin and cannot start then to

Anatomy and Physiology Case Study

Anatomy and Physiology Case Study Case #1: A 60 year old man with long-standing type II diabetes that has been untreated with insulin is admitted to the hospital after reporting noticeably bloody urine. Bilaterally, he has no feeling in the bottoms of his feet and decreased sensitivity mid-shin, while sensation at the knees is normal. Upon examination the clinician notices that the patient’s lenses are cloudy, and the patient is having a difficult time reading his admissions paperwork. The patient’s blood pressure is also elevated. Why might this patient have blood in his urine? The patient may be suffering from a bladder or kidney infection. What other abnormalities would typically be found in such a patient’s urinalysis? Urinalysis may show High Blood Sugar. What is causing the bilateral desensitization of the lower limbs? It is possible that the patients diabetes is not controlled causing damage to the nerves and hardening of the arteries which can cause decreased sensation and poor blood circulation in the feet. Why are this patient’s lenses cloudy? The patient may be suffering from glaucoma, or cataracts. Why might this patient have difficulty reading his admissions papers? The patient may be suffering from Presbyopia, in which the lens of the eye loses its ability to focus, making it difficult to see up close. How is the elevated blood pressure related to the other symptoms? H causes all these symptoms so there is a chance that the high blood level may be the problem of why there was urine in the blood, numbness, and vision impairment. Case #2: Julie Turner, a 27 year old non-pregnant female, has grown increasingly anxious about changes in both her behavior and body recently. She consults her physician and complains of insomnia, gastrointestinal instability, feeling excited, and weight loss. She also reports that even though she has lost weight, her â€Å"double chin† has not gone away. Upon examination, the physician notes that, while not pronounced, Julie’s eyes seem larger, and her reflexes are excitable. The physician decides to send Julie to an endocrinologist for a consultation. What does an endocrinologist specialize in? Diagnose and treat diseases related to hormones. Define hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism or â€Å"Overactive Thyroid†, is a condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. Which of Julie’s signs an symptoms are compatible with hyperthyroidism? Weight loss Does Julie show signs and symptoms specific to Grave’s disease? Yes, Grave’s disease actually causes most hyperthyroidism. Why might Julie be mistakenly thinking she has a â€Å"double chin†? Julie may be mistaken by the fact that her â€Å"double chin† is actually her swollen thyroid. What is the doctor concerned with when they notices that Julie has â€Å"large eyes†? Julie may be tired and not getting enough rest. If Grave’s disease is confirmed, what is the most likely treatment? First beta blockers will be prescribed and once all the results are confirmed they will either give Julie Radioactive iodine or Anti-thyroid medicine. Case #3: George is a 50 year old man that had a severe motorcycle accident 12 years ago. As a result of the accident, George had one kidney and part of his small intestine removed because they were hemorrhaging. Immediately following recovery, George had some weight loss that he was told to expect because of malabsorption caused by having his intestine removed. George has never returned to work due to his injuries, and mostly sits inside and watches TV and reads. Recently, however, George broke his wrist trying to catch himself from falling. When he was examined, he was told that his bones had become weak. Define osteopenia and osteoporosis. Which does George seem to have? Osteopenia refers to bone mineral density (BMD) that is lower than normal peak BMD but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis.Osteoporosis is a progressive disease that causes bones to become thin and brittle, making them more likely to break. George seems to have Osteoporosis. What is the most common type of fracture of the wrist in a person of George’s age? Explain how Vitamin D, calcidiol, and calcitriol are synthesized? Calcidiol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D, is the main storage form of vitamin D, Low calcidiol levels in the blood indicate a vitamin D deficiency, which can lead to weak bones. Your kidneys convert calcidiol into calcitriol, or 1, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the active form of vitamin D that promotes calcium absorption. How could George’s missing kidney be related to his decreased bone strength? The lack of vitamin D and calcium absorption which having a vitamin D deficiency will cause bone weakness. How could George’s partial small intestine be related to his decreased bone strength? It could decrease the calcium you eat from being absorbed into your blood causing your blood calcium to become and stay low. If George has a decreasing density of his bones due to his previous injuries, what is the classification of his condition? George is suffering from Osteoporosis. Could George’s lack of time outside be a factor in his weak bones? It’s part of one of the factor’s the other is based on the fact of George laying around and not doing anything which is causing his bones to weaken. Case #4: Pete is a 250 lb man that played 15 years of professional football. Pete quit football at that age of 38 when his hips and knees became too painful to play. He has tried to manage the pain with OTC antiinflammatory drugs for the past 20 years. Now 58 years old, Pete has a severe limp on his right side and gone to the doctor in hopes to get stronger pain medication. His general doctor orders X-rays, which reveal bilateral narrowing of both hip and knee joints. The right acetabulum shows bony projections extending toward the femoral head. What does Pete suffer from? Pete is suffering from Osteoarthritis. What are Pete’s risk factors? Osteoarthritis causes the cartilage in a joint to become stiff and lose its elasticity, making it more susceptible to damage. As the cartilage deteriorates, tendons and ligaments stretch, causingpain. If the condition worsens, the bones could rub against each other. Explain whether or not the 20 years of OTC antiinflammatory medications has really helped anything? OTC may have helped with the swelling and mild pain but that’s as far as they help. What are the bony projections of the acetabulum called? The acetabulum is the socket of the ball-and-socket hip joint. The top of the thigh bone (femur) forms the ball, and the socket (acetabulum) is part of the pelvic bone. Does Pete need to see an orthopedic surgeon, or can the general doctor treat Pete’s condition? Pete would have to go see an Orthopedic Surgeon for his case. Is Pete a candidate for joint replacement surgery? One of the alternatives Pete may want to look into is Total hip Arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most successful surgical interventions that leads to improvement in quality of life and provides significant improvements in both pain and function. Case #5: A 67 year old African-American male presents to his family physician for a checkup. It has been more than 5 years since his last checkup. A thorough examination including a digital rectal examination and history is unremarkable for a man of his age. The physician orders several different blood tests, including a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. Why would a physician order several blood tests for a person with no apparent problems? PSA is detected through a man’s blood and also the patient has not been to a checkup for 5 years. Does this man have any risk factors for anything in particular? Yes, he is at risk of prostate cancer. What is a digital rectal exam used to test for? The Rectal exam helps to detect growths or enlargements of the prostate gland in men. Why is a PSA level an important test for this man? This exam measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen in the blood. What would an elevated PSA level indicate? Elevated levels would mean inflammation of the prostate gland or prostate cancer. If this man has elevated PSA, how would it be treated? Depending on the level that the test comes back a urine test may be provided to check for a UTI that may be causing the levels to be elevated if not a biopsy may be suggested to confirm if and where the cancer is. Case #6: A 26 year old women presents at the clinic with a complaint of infertility. She and her husband have tried unsuccessfully for over one year. She reports irregular menses since menarche at age 13. She has never been pregnant, and has always had Pap smears. She reports at least a dozen sexual partners and was treated for gonorrhea 6 years ago. He husband has had normal semen analysis results. What are the risk factors for female infertility? Irregular menstrual cycle, age, can be risk factors as well as sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea can cause fallopian tube damage. Which of these risk factors may be involved in this case? In this case Gonorrhea is the biggest risk factor. What hormone levels would be appropriate to ascertain? If the problem is a pituitary hormone imbalance, which hormone(s) might be involved? The hormone Hyposecretion would be involved. If the problem is an ovarian hormone imbalance, which hormone(s) might be involved? Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: PCOS is a disruption in communication between the brain, the pituitary gland and the ovaries. PCOS is characterized by irregular or lack of ovulation, irregular or lack of menstrual periods. Define pelvic inflammatory disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease is a general term for infection of the uterus lining, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. If a pelvic exam is performed and PID is involved, what might be noticed? Tenderness and possibly a lump next to the uterus may be noticed. How might laparoscopy be useful for a definitive diagnosis? It will give a clearer picture of the abdomen and pelvis. Case #7: A 21 year old female presents to the ER complaining of lethargy, a stiff neck, and a headache. Initial examination reveals a high grade fever, sensitivity to light, and withdrawal from neck flexion. A history uncovers that she is a daycare worker and many students have been absent recently. What do the symptoms suggest? The Symptoms suggest that the female has Meningitis. Is this patient at particular risk for the suggested illness? People of any age can get meningitis, but because it can be easily spread among those living in close quarters, teens, college students, and boarding-school students are at higher risk for infection. What test needs to be done? Laboratory tests and a possible spinal tap will be done. How is this test performed? Taking a needle and collecting a sample of spinal fluid from the lumbar. What are the two most likely microorganisms to be found with the test from question #3? This test will show any signs of inflammation and whether a virus or bacteria is causing the infection. Does the daycare need to be notified? Yes immediately and any children that may be exposed or feel like they are sick should seek professional care right away. Case #8: A 68 year old African-American male is transported to the ER with rapid onset left sided weakness. He was watering his lawn when he suddenly dropped the hose and fell to the ground. His speech was slurred when EMS personnel arrived. The man has a history of high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia. His exam shows left facial areflexia and drooping. CT scan of the head shows no hemorrhage. What is the diagnosis? Ischemic Stroke What is the likely location of the pathology in this instance? Location would be in his brain. What are the risk factors for this condition? Hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation diabetes, family history of stroke, age, and race might all be factors. What are the possible mechanisms of pathology in this case? Possible mechanisms of pathology are Thrombotic Stroke and Embolic Stroke. Which is the more likely mechanism of the pathology in this case? The Thrombotic Stroke is more likely. What is the underlying problem in this case? Hypercholesterolemia and Blood Pressure are the underlying problem. How did the underlying problem lead to this incident? High blood pressure and hypertension can lead to thickening of the arterial walls making the passage way narrow. Case #9: A 36 year old man is seeing his physician because he is becoming increasingly weak. He reports that the weakness progresses throughout the day. He has a desk job and can hardly keep his eyes open and head up by the end of the day. Other history is unremarkable. Cranial nerve examination shows weak facial muscles, inability to repeat movements, and bilateral ptosis. The patient’s shoulders droop with a very poor posture. What is the likely diagnosis? Ocular Myasthenia What is the pathogenesis of this disease? Ocular Myasthenia is a disease of the neuromuscular junction resulting in hallmark variability in muscle weakness and fatigability. What other deficits might present if untreated? If left untreated it may cause acute respiratory failure. Why do the symptoms seem to worsen later in the day? Symptoms seem worse later in the day due to physical activity throughout the day. Symptoms aren’t as bad once the person has rested. What other conditions should be ruled out? Early symptoms can be confused with Psychiatric disorders. What treatment should be sought? A blood test measuring antibodies to acetylcholine receptors; 80-90 percent of Myasthenic people show these antibodies in their blood. Case #10: Tim and Leanne are rushed to the hospital after a car accident. Tim was driving as the car was hit in the driver side door. He sustained a broken humerus from the direct impact. His arm was immobilized and he is resting in his room. Leanne, who was in the front passenger seat sustained a ruptured spleen and four adjacent broken ribs on the left side. Her wounds are from striking the middle console of the car. She is in the ICU with her chest wrapped. What are the factors that affect wound production? The wound-healing process consists of four highly integrated and overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling or resolution Which factor is the main difference causing Tim and Leanne to have such different injuries? The main factor that causes the difference in injury here is the fact the driver side door was the one hit in the accident. What is the mechanism that caused the rupturing of Leanne’s spleen? Leanne struck the middle console of the car. What is the name of the condition in which several adjacent ribs is broken? Flail Chest Due to her broken ribs, what is Leanne at risk of developing? Rib Stress If Leanne’s lung is bruised, what other condition may develop? Leanne may develop a pulmonary contusion or bleeding of the lungs.