Symbolism in Zora Neal Hurston’s “Sweat” Essay Example

Imagery in Zora Neal Hurston’s â€Å"Sweat† Essay Zora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"Sweat† (1926) depends on two essential impacts throughout her life: the town of Eatonville where Hurston grew up and her relationship with her boss, Fannie Hurst. The short story Sweat spins around the life of Delia Jones, a washerwoman from Eatonville, Florida. The story starts with Delia Jones gathering mental fortitude to counter her harsh spouse and closures with the demise of her better half, following the change that Delia experiences subsequently. Delia Jones is a typical dark, dedicated Southern lady with profound strict confidence. It is through her confidence in God that she thinks that its conceivable to beat her local issues brought about by her damaging spouse. Hurston sets the story against the setting of the Harlem Renaissance in New York City. As the story unfurls, one can discover the creator utilizing scriptural mention and African American society culture through imagery to communicate her solid perspectives on the life of a dark American lady in America. Zora Neale Hurstons short story Sweat was first distributed in Firell, an incredible artistic magazine of the Harlem Renaissance. The story was very much perceived for its masterfulness and for its important rendering of country southern dark life.Zora Neale Hurston’s short story â€Å"Sweat† contains numerous strict images that are utilized to underline the separation among Delia and Sykes Jones notwithstanding being reinforced together in marriage. Delia is appeared as dedicated lady who is profoundly passionate; she is profoundly solid however genuinely feeble and tired. Her better half, Sykes Jones is a harsh man who is truly oppressive towards his significant other, traitorous and abusing in nature. He takes the well deserved cash of Delia to spend on his fat sweetheart Betha. At last the profound quality of Delia prevails upon Sykes Jones. This story can be seen as a purposeful anecdote for God and Satan in conflict.â According t o Thomas Stafford, who composed ‘Christian Symbolism in the Evangelical Church’: â€Å"A snake is the image of the fall of man through allurement by a serpentâ€the devil† (180). There is more proof to help the great versus malevolence or God versus Satan theme in â€Å"Sweat†. Numerous words are demonstrative of religion and profound quality in the story ‘Sweat’. The very name Delia is by all accounts got from the Biblical Delilah who weakened her Samson by having his locks cut off. In this story Delia is demonstrated to be the more grounded of the two however genuinely more fragile †and she bolsters her better half Sykes by doing white individuals clothing. The â€Å"whitest heap of things† alluding to the white garments Delia washes in the story are emblematic of her character. White speaks to virtue. Delia is a lady who deferentially endures the maltreatment of her significant other. Seidel says that the whiteness recommend D elias intrinsic goodness rather than the malicious dimness of Sykess snake.The strict imagery of snakes as associated with abhorrent is utilized at two focuses in the story. At first Sykes is indicated scouring his bull whip over the uninformed working Delia. Delia is terrified of snakes and shouts: â€Å"Sykes, why you toss dat whip on me like dat? †¦.you knows how skeered Ah is of snakes.† Later in the story, Sykes attempts to frighten Delia purposefully by putting a genuine snake simply outside their home in a soapbox. In these two cases, Zora Hurston utilizes the snake as a scriptural mention to the account of Adam and Eve when Satan appeared as a snake. The imagery of snakes in Sweat likewise shows in an unobtrusive way that Sykes is an abhorrent man. The bull whip is appeared as the Satanic article related with a snake and in Sykes case, this could likewise mean an outward sign of his inward instability as a ward of his significant other. Hemmenway says that the sn ake is additionally illustrative of the malevolent that lives inside Delia regardless of her Christian childhood †a power she knows about however hesitant to survive (Hemmenway 72).Shouting at Sykes, Delia says: â€Å"Sweat, sweat, sweat! Work and sweat, cry and sweat, ask and sweat! In spite of the fact that she expresses these words in an attack of disappointment and despondency, sweat speaks to the difficult work that Delia is doing in regular daily existence. Sweat is the primary scriptural reference in the story. There is a significant connection among's perspiration and the fall of man. God, as Righteous Judge, condemned fallen man to a lifetime of hard work: In the perspiration of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground;†She later takes the ‘iron skillet’ to a cautious posture. The iron skillet represents a female article that is basically proposed for a decent reason, for example, cooking yet can be utilized dangerously if the need emerges. It specifically speaks to the idea that ladies can utilize their innovative ability to guard themselves against male control should the need arise.It is said that Delia has made her [own] little world; she has affectionately planted trees and blossoms in the nursery around her home. . .† In the last scene there is additionally the nearness of the Chinaberry tree in the nursery. Delia’s world is one that is loaded up with trees and blossoms demonstrated request, excellence and concordance. The chinaberry tree is representative of Edens Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. It is additionally an inflexible straight image that speaks to Sykes sexuality (Hemenway 73).Zora Nealeâ Hurston’s â€Å"Sweat† follows an unmistakable good example that has a decent versus insidious conflict.â It closes with the triumph of good over malice. Sykes meets his destruction through his own harsh activities against Delia.  In the peak scene when the snake got by Sykes to panic Delia gets free and nibbles him, he gradually bites the dust. In his withering minutes, the sun is demonstrated to be rising consistently. The dawn represents a fresh start for Delia, opportunity from Sykes and everything dull and insidious that Sykes represented. With the demise of Sykes, the sun has at last risen and Delia gets the opportunity she merits.

Book Review about US History up to 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book Review about US History up to 1877 - Essay Example While shorter and beneficial focused, The Awakening waits a fantastic audit of a urgent time of memorable political foundations, for example, setting up of American nationality and administration structures. An Overview of the then American culture Dangerfield shows the expansion of both financial pettiness and libertarian patriotism and how these opposing powers destabilized any desires for an age of incredible sentiments in the country’s legislative issues. On the off chance that an individual is keen on understanding the noteworthy political stage between the finishes of the War of 1812 notwithstanding the Jacksonian time, this is a remarkable outline and, fantastic of all, is a straightforward perused. The point of this paper is to give an assessment of the historical backdrop of the United States up to 1877. The assessment of these vital chronicled minutes will be cultivated through the survey of the book ‘The arousing of American patriotism, 1815-1828’ that was composed by Dangerfield, George (Livermore 595). Majority rules system and nationhood The book titled ‘The arousing of American patriotism, 1815-1828,’ splendidly covers the noteworthy occasions that were urgent in the advancement of the United States during that specific period. ... The peruser is blessed to receive an oversimplified assessment of issues rotating the United States in the mid 1800s, which at that point was a youthful country beginning law based structure. Livermore (596) accepts a chance and new retelling of the story of the surfacing of American patriotism is introduced. By any methodology the years ensuing to the serenity of Ghent, an age initiated by what has been as far as anyone knows alluded to as â€Å"the period of nice sentiments, must be estimated an example of extraordinary development and extension in the United States. Most importantly, it might be all around considered a point in time of the realization and developing of American patriotism. It is the uncommon acceptable nature of Dangerfield's shimmering amalgamation of the phase that he figures out how to keep up the emphasis on this deepest subject the test among the monetary patriotism discussed by Henry Clay alongside John Quincy Adams and the self-governing patriotism delinea ted by the lovers of Andrew Jackson. That he does as such without dismissing America's situation in worldwide undertakings and mainly the mounting monetary dispute with Britain, nor without reducing the parts took part by the preeminent on-screen characters on the countrywide stage, validates the fair-minded judgment just as feeling of sums that are clear all through the book. Truth be told, it is the difference of the American exchange and mechanical patriotism amidst the Liberal Toryism of Lord Liverpool just as William Huskisson that this composition portrays with exceptional splendor and profundity. Dangerfield, an incredible skilled worker, skillfully meshes various and various yarns into one awesome woven artwork. By delving profound into the jobs of a few people who were the key players throughout the entire existence of America

Rules for Writing Dialogues in a Narrative Essay

Rules for Writing Dialogues in a Narrative Essay A narrative essay is a sort of story you are telling to the reader. Its important to include tiny details and emotions to reflect the situation, so the audience would imagine and get it correctly. If you want to make your paper brighter, you can include dialogues between people involved in your story. You can express many feelings of a person through the dialogue without even describing the situation from the authors point. Readers will get direct words of people, so they will easily understand their feelings and mood. In this article, we have gathered all important rules how to incorporate dialogue in a narrative essay. Keep reading our simple guide, and create an interesting work without hesitation, questions and problems! Dialogue definition and types A dialogue is a conversation between people. These are main functions of putting a dialogue into a paper: creating a tone of your paper; highlighting characters mood and feelings; makes characters more bright and personal creates a piece of literature more interesting and enjoyable for readers. There are two types of dialogue: indirect, or inner and direct, or outer dialogue. Inner dialogue usually takes place in people mind, or it can be words said out loud by the character to himself. Example: “I cant think that my sister went to another town to study. Will she visit me at least every month?” wondered Gina to herself. Outer or direct dialogue is a simple direct talking between two or more people. Here is an outer dialogue in a narrative essay example: “I cant believe you are getting married, Teresa!” exclaimed Susan. “Yes, my dear friend, we were waiting when you and Jim will make this decision!” joined Kate. “I am so happy, girls But I was never so nervous before! A wedding will be in two weeks, and nothing is organized well still,” sighed Teresa. How to put dialogue in a narrative essay properly As we already said before, a dialogue can make your paper brighter and more exciting to read. But when you have to put a dialogue between more than two people, its easy to confuse readers. If just to write direct words without correct punctuation, your audience can lose a thread of a conversation and confuse who said what. To avoid such misunderstanding, you should learn the main rules of formatting a dialogue in your paper. Only a clear and well-done essay will be interesting to read, thats why you should follow special rules when including a dialogue into your narrative essay. Our next paragraph will give you all the needed information about it. Rules how to format dialogue in a narrative essay All direct words should be placed between quotation marks to show these sentences are spoken by people. Example: “I need to buy a new pair of shoes, and I hope that you will go shopping with me tomorrow,” said Alexis. Each new characters words should be written from a new paragraph. Example of dialogue in a narrative essay: “I am going to leave my work,” Janine sighed, “Maybe I will find something new because I just cant stay there anymore!” “Dont worry, honey, everything will be fine,” her husband calmed her down. Make sure that your readers understand who is talking. Dont forget to make the authors comments to point who said what. If you are writing a long quotation of the certain character as a dialogue, set opening marks at the start of each paragraph, and set closing marks when the speech is over: Frederick said, “I think its possible to do. I will fulfill the task until tomorrow evening even if this is a very complicated project. “But what the customer said? Will he provide us with payment right after I finish?” Follow rules how to punctuate dialogue in a narrative essay: If a person is quoting someones words, use single quotation marks: “When I was a teenager my parents used to tell me, Live a life you will be proud of,” Jack remembered. Put periods inside the marks, if you are writing an entire sentence someone said: Angela whispered, “Richard, you dont have to go, please stay.” If an exclamation or a question is a part of someones words, put it in the marks: “Please help me with my homework!” Dana screamed. Put a comma after the words say, ask, exclaim, scream, etc. if they are standing before the quote: My husband said, “Lets visit my parents next weekend.” If the words say, ask, exclaim, scream, etc. are going after the quotation, put a comma in the marks: “I have no idea what to do with a new jacket, it doesnt fit me,” said Maria. If your quotation is a part of exclamation or question, you need to write a question or exclamation mark after the marks: Did you just say, “I am not going to this party”? When direct words of a character are broken by the author words, you need to set commas at the end of first part, and after the words say, ask, exclaim, scream, etc.: “Yes, Jerry, you are right,” she agreed, “You shouldnt follow his advice.” Use these simple rules how to write dialogue in a narrative essay, and create a clear and bright conversation between people in your work. If you put all punctuation marks correctly, your readers wont be confused with understanding you right. We hope that after reading this guide, you clearly understood all the needed tips and rules we have shared. When you are going to put conversation into your paper, its important to know how to use dialogue in a narrative essay. Dont forget to follow our simple rules, and we guarantee that your dialogues will always be perfect and great!

Confessions Confessions As The Pilgrim Travels Through...

It becomes clear that the use of confession in death is decisive factor to where in Hell one will end up. Unlike in life, confessions in Hell are merely a formality to help decide where one best belongs, since atonement is supposed to happen pre-death; therefore confession is now the evidence against you when being judged. Therefore, once in Hell there is no possibility to ascend since one didn t take the opportunity in life to confess. Confessions in life show a yearning to change, a confession in death is meaningless, as you cannot better yourself once you’re no longer alive. Within all the circles of hell, the reader witnesses all forms of confession, however the confessors never seems to be able to admit that they are the cause for†¦show more content†¦Inferno 5:7 Minos’ role as judge is interesting; he plays the judge and the jury, leaving little room for pity for the condemned souls; â€Å"they tell, they hear, and then are hurled down†(Inferno 5:15), bringing about a warped sense of justice. Justice in Inferno is based upon the confessions of the sinners, diverting from the normative use of confessions, which is to repent and grow from one’s mistakes. However, as the reader witnesses throughout Inferno, even with confession sinners aren’t fully admitting to the wrongs they’ve done in life. Those entrapped in the different circles are continuously deflecting the blame of the sin they’ve done, being forever blameless of their life actions; making them sinners in death, just as much so as they were in life. Deflection is best portrayed in Dante’s interaction with Francesca. Francesca’s skillful poetics sprouts pity within Dante; who describes her as a gentle and kind spirit, whose â€Å" torments make [him] weep for grief and pity†(5:117). He is captivated and moved by Francesca’s confession, convinced that the only thing that Francesca and Paolo are guilty of is their love, which lead to their demise, damning them to Hell. The story brought out the longing Francesca and Paolo had for one another, allowing Francesca to

The Prevalence Of Overweight / Obesity - 1616 Words

PICOT Statement: POPULATION/PATIENT PROBLEM: Both researchers studied the incidence of overweight/obesity in African-American children. One related it to the low socioeconomic status of the caregivers (SEP) and this study/research was conducted in Pitt County, North Carolina. The other research, four childhood obesity perceptions among African-American caregivers in a rural area Georgia community relates overweight/obesity on the parents’ level of education, income, eating habits and lack of physical activities compared to calorie intake, rural areas lack parks, sidewalks, and other recreational facilities. INTERVENTION: The environment targeted were African Americans living in rural areas, their neighborhood schools and type of stores†¦show more content†¦At least 155 million children were grouped as overweight or obese worldwide in 2007 (Alexander, Alfonso, Hansen 2014). The vast number of overweight or obese children live in developing countries, and the increase has been 30 percent higher than that of developed countries (Alexander, Alfonso, Hansen, 2014). By 2025, the amount of obese or overweight infants and young children will increase to approximately 70 million (Alexander, Alfonso, Hansen, 2014). The increase in overweight in the United States has disproportionately affected African-Americans, compared to other ethnic groups. It has been estimated that â€Å"45 percent of the non-Hispanic black population is obese compared to 30 percent of non-Hispanic whites† (Bennett, Wolin James, 2007). Members of low socioeconomic groups, especially African-American, Hispanics and American Indians are unreasonably affected (Wang 2010). Obesity has both physical, mental and social effects on children. Obese children are likely to stay overweight into adulthood. Health complications of overweight/obesity include type II diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and cancer. Obese children and adolescents also suffer from psychological impacts such as depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and social stigma. This psychological issue affects the quality of life for children and adolescents. Ethnicity is a risk factor for childhood obesity, and many mediating mechanismsShow MoreRelatedPrevalence Of Overweight And Obesity Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight/obesity among parents of children entering childhood obesity treatment and to evaluate changes in the parents’ weight during their child’s treatment (Trier, 2016). The study included the parents of 1,125 children and adolescents (aged 3-22) who were enrolled in a children obesity treatment program. They began by taking the heights and weights of the children and the BMI scores were calculated. After 2.5 years of treatment, theRead MoreObesity Prevalence Of Overweight And Obesity Essay2083 Words   |  9 Pagesdecades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased in the United States of America. Many of the results related to obesity considered to be an adult disease in the past, now obesity also affects young peoples body healthy. In children and adolescents, obesity increases the risk of adult obesity with complications. For example, hypertension, diabetes and heart disease are well known. Obesity in children and adolescents will be a prevalent and costly disease. Overweight and obesity are highlyRead MorePrevalence Of Overweight And Obesity935 Words   |  4 PagesThe prevalence of overweight and obesity in children is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate in both developing and developed countries.1 Obesity is associated with a heterogeneity of metabolic abnormalities, e.g., dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hypertension that may provide a plausible biologic link between obesity and the increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been defined as a cluster of risk factors for atherosclerosis thatRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Overweight And Obesity1910 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in America has increased and with it so has the effort find ways to lose weight and maintain a healthy weight. Different diets with varying macronutrient contents are being investigated as to find out which are most effective for weight maintenance. This study sought out to demonstrate that the addition of plant-derived saturated fats high in medium chain fatty acids can aid in weight management in mammals. Twenty-four mice were fed isocaloric dietsRead MoreDietary Factors That Affect Obesity Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagescontribute to obesity in children. The major factors are increased consumption of calorie-dense foods, saturated fats, and sugar in combination with sedentary behavior 8. Consumption of refined grains and sugar-sweetened beverages have lead to increases in unhealthy eating habits resulting in the rise of obesity 4. These sugar-sweetened drinks are also associated with increasing BMI 11. The focus of this synthesis is the importance of physical activity in treating individuals who are overweight and obeseRead MoreThe Prevalence of Obesity and Its Associated Factors Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesPrevalence of obesity and its associated factors It is only recently that highly well-known health institutions such as the US Federal health Department and World Health Organization have officially declared obesity as an illness. It is a serious, multifactorial disease. Obesity takes place when body is not able to metabolize the food and this results in energy excessiveness stored as body fat, In general, an obese is 20 percent or above heavier than his/her normal weight. There has been a considerableRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity1599 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The problem is global and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income families particularly in the United States. The socioeconomic status of these families contributes to the childhood obesity epidemic. Summary of Article 1 The article, â€Å"Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Feeding and Childhood Obesity among Mothers of Lower Socioeconomic Status† is a study that was conducted by Alison KalinowskiRead MoreChildren And Obesity783 Words   |  4 Pagesare overweight. Half of this population is considered to be obese. The rates of obesity, however, vary by age. 8 percent of children between 2 and 5 are obese. Among those between 6 and 11, 18 percent of these children are obese (Segal, Rayburn, Alejandra, 2016). Finally, 21 percent of those 12 and 19 years are obese. As mentioned before, obesity among children between 2 and 5 are decreasing. But those among age groups 11 and 19 are increasing. This may explain the constant rate of obesity amongRead MoreShould Not Be A Social Norm?1380 Words   |  6 PagesShould not being obesity How many obese individuals do you see a day on the street? How do you think if overweight consider be a petty group as our future social norm? There are many serious health issues in our society. Today, obesity is one of the most popular diseases in America. Being overweight is usually a warning sign that people could be on their way to becoming obesity. According to Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention report, the most recent national data shows moreRead MoreThe Field Of Psychosocial Epidemiology Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesvariables associated with a chronic health condition. Obesity is a chronic health condition characterized by presence of excess of body fat. Obesity is measured by using Body Mass Index (BMI) in children 2 years of age and older. The BMI is calculated by the body weight (in kilograms) divided by the height squared in meters. In adults, a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2 is regarded as overweight and a BMI greater or equal to 30 kg/m2 is regarded as obese. Obesity in adults is subcategorized as class I (BMI ≠¥30

Ethical Issues- Schizophrenia Free Essays

Many ethical issues can be presented when working in the medical field; a few major issues are presented in the case of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which people may hear voices in their heads that tell them to do immoral things, which are not there. A Schizophrenic person may also sit for hours without moving or talking, and are not completely sane. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues- Schizophrenia or any similar topic only for you Order Now This disorder is a result of genetic and environmental factors. One of the issues that are involved with schizophrenia is telling schizophrenics, partial truths or lies. Studies have shown that when a schizophrenic is directly confronted, they usually do not return for treatment. As a result, some psychiatrists tell their patients â€Å"half-truths† or lies such as treating patients but telling them the medication is for anxiety or dysphasia, this way patients receive adequate treatment. Ultimately the psychiatrist is doing what is best for the patient, but is it really okay to lie to a patient? Another issue is presented during the treatment of a schizophrenic patient, occasionally a patient will ask a psychiatrist for heir opinion on whether or not to pursue a lifelong dream they may have. When this occurs, the psychiatrist is presented with the decision of whether or not to support the patient on their dream. If the psychiatrist believes the patient is not capable of accomplishing their goal because of their mental disorder, they might discourage the patient form pursuing it because if they were to pursue it and fail, it could possibly worsen the disorder. On the other hand, the psychiatrist might support the patient in their dream, because in the situation where the patient accomplishes their goal, the notation may improve and could result in a better quality of life. So what should the psychiatrist do in this situation, when is it okay for the psychiatrist to decide what goes on in a patient’s life? A third issue would be the whether or not to ask a patient dealing with this disorder if they would like to write their advance directives. Advance directives are written consent of what would happen to the patient in the occasion that they lose decisional capabilities, what type of treatment they would receive, etc. Although advance directives maybe taken as a precaution and not because anything is occurring with the patient, upon being asked for these documents a patient may be caused fear which could result in worsening of the illness. So should the psychiatrist ask a patient for the advance directives knowing it may have a negative result on their health? The involvement of family in the life of a schizophrenic could be extremely beneficial, but convincing a schizophrenic to involve their family is yet another issue. The process of persuading a mental disorder patient at some point becomes coercion, which is never morally correct because it could be considered as taking advantage of a mentally challenged person. Although coercion is never technically correct, in the long run the involvement of the family will have enormous benefits on the patient, so the psychiatrist must make a decision on if they should or shouldn’t coerce the patient to involve their family. I believe that all the ethical issues presented are difficult, but the psychiatrist should always keep the patients well. How to cite Ethical Issues- Schizophrenia, Papers

Click Film Review free essay sample

Click film review What if you had a universal remote control that remote controlled your universe? Click follows the story of Michael Newman (Adam Sandler), an architect whose long hours and unkind boss (David Hasslehoff) have driven him to a near breakdown. Whist watching TV, he longs for a universal remote to control everything and he finds exactly that in department store ‘bed, bath and beyond’. He soon realises that ‘everything’ is not as it seems as he mutes a barking dog and pauses his wife in mid sentence. When Michael realises can do anything he wants, he fast-forwards an entire argument with his wife and skips a scene to his all-important promotion. But the remote soon becomes damaged by all this fast-forwarding and starts to skip Michael through his life. However I longed for a similar remote to skip to the end of the film! The truth is click can’t decide whether it’s a sentimental tale or a string of hilarious gags. We will write a custom essay sample on Click Film Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The film certainly is sentimental, but most of the jokes aren’t very funny. For example when a female jogger runs by and Michael uses slow-mo. Or the time when Michael pauses his boss to fart in his face. The film tends to drag on and can get quite boring at times. However, if you look beyond the bad jokes you will find some decent comedy but unfortunately bad jokes are the majority. Comedy aside though, Click will have you in tears. I can’t reveal any more about the plot but I can tell you jokes or no jokes, you will be crying by the end. The film carries a very important message: family comes first. I feel there was no clear line between comedy and sentimentality and for this reason I did not enjoy the film and would rate it 6/10. Sam Marroncelli 7EY

Gender, Ethics and Empowerment free essay sample

An evaluation of a recent paper published in the journal Womens Studies International Forum, published by Regina Scheyvens and Helen Leslie entitled Gender, Ethics and Empowerment: Dilemmas of Development Fieldwork. This essay is an evaluation of a recent paper published in the journal Womens Studies International Forum, published by Scheyvens and Leslie, in which the authors present facts and discussions related to several important issues for researchers pursuing ethnographic and cultural studies related to women especially third world women. This essay involves an assessment of the following: Is there, or should there (or not) be a power distinction between the researchers and their subjects? Can the work be regarded as legitimate because of the vast differences in cultural perceptions? Certain ethical questions also crop up: Can the researchers bridge the gender divide and have males research females in third world countries? Is there an imposition of a researchers sentimentality on the research, and is this exploitative? How valuable is such research? Can it be presented objectively, honestly and more importantly in an unbiased manner? And, can such research help empower third world women ? This essay addresses these issues within the context of the Scheyvens and Leslies paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender, Ethics and Empowerment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The authors work is also very limited. Consider the countries they talk about: Fiji, El Salvador, the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. The title of their paper is misleading; it promises sweeping work that would lead to generalized conclusions. The countries used in the research do not allow that. The countries researched are very isolated, quasi-aboriginal and primitive cultures though, this is not an indictment of these countries. Developing countries (third world) like India and China where poverty and sexism exist within a modern infrastructure (and a range of social situations urban and rural) would provide a better subject for such a study. Religion (or its lack in China) plays an important role in the customs and traditions of these countries. Also, India and China have enjoyed fairly evolved civilizations before becoming the over-populated behemoths they are today. The paper, in its limited scope, should be more aptly titled Empowerment of women of the Pacific Is lands and El Salvador.

The Real Meaning of a Labor Day in the United States

The Real Meaning of a Labor Day in the United States Labor Day: What it Means Have you ever known something special about the first Monday of September? Every year, it brings not only the beginning of the golden season of the year but a celebration of Labor Day. This day was created to honor all the working people in the country and all over the world. At this time, a national labor movement started to function in the USA, as well. Being persistent all year long, workers have a chance to enjoy a day for a rest. Nationwide people give gratitude to fortitude and powers of endurance of every single worker passionately discharging his or her obligations. The Holidays Adoption With each year, the government pays more attention to Labor Day. Therefore, it is a legal national holiday now. However, the situation was completely different before 1885. That days, the first bill was already elaborated but this proposal was not still accepted by the legislature. On February 21 in 1887 the Oregon authorities passed the law. Then, many states one by one took the same measures. Among them were: Massachusetts, Colorado, New York and New Jersey. Nebraska, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania followed only ten years after the bill was introduced to the government. Creator of Labor Day A century after Labor Day establishment, historians still argue about a person who came up with the idea of the holiday. There are some facts which witness Peter J. McGuire be one of the first initiators. He was a secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters, and Joiners and at the same time was an honorable member of the American Federation of Labor. Being active, McGuire took part in various social activities and has done a lot to promote the idea of Labor Day. How an Initial Celebration Was Held Previously, Central Labor Union developed a plan of the occasion. They have chosen New York to be the first city to meet the festivities. Starting from that time, 5th of September became a stable date of the day for all the states in America. Similar labor organizations step-by-step occurred in other states and worked out their strategies for civic activities and defending the rights of an average working man in the country. There is no doubt of the holidays significance. A century ago, people were persevering to get a right to live a fulfilling life. This holiday was a confirmation and remembrance of someone who spends his days and powers to invest in countrys economy and industry.

Use of Satellites by the US Military to Improve Battlefield Awareness Essay

Use of Satellites by the US Military to Improve Battlefield Awareness - Essay Example Evidences in support of this are the depth and range of research on this topic carried out by various scholars and interested parties. Their recent operations and raids have utilized space surveillance as a method of staying alert in the battle field. Technology and military theory, as well as the manner, in which it is applied during war and the impact of the aforementioned on the society, will be looked into keenly with the analysis of the works of various researchers on the topic. Another aspect will be that of information warfare. There are other researches on related topics, which support this view from different angles but with similar findings as will be realized subsequently. Revolution in military affairs has put technology in the right perspective when it comes to battlefield awareness. The US military as history has it, made heavy investments on military technology with space craft's as a priority1. Use of devices that collect data before putting up a plan of attack while at war takes center stage in the US military operation layout. The socioeconomic paradigm of each era in the US reflects on the investments made in ensuring victory over the wars. In so doing, poor return on technological investments scales escalate. Errors in judgments are associated with such technologies resulting to retarded economic progress. This may be referred to as information war that involves a lot of tact in locating targets and monitoring the movement of the opposite parties. Other theorists have made attempts to predict how information warfare has capabilities of providing dominant information awareness about the battle space. Manipulation and exploitation of the enemy electronic system or even destroying the enemy station comes as a preference in times of war. Aerial bombing falls as a strategy of intimidating the enemy. In order to apply it effectively, the US must survey the ground structure and set ups so as to locate the targets. Defenseless cities become devastated and terrify societies other than demoralizing the enemy. Air strikes are the most applied methods of attack; the US military air jet fighters have precise technological devices that take care of space view other than the satellites. The ability of any military to combat the enemies from advancing using cyberspace uses information technology. Information warfare has been the yardstick to cyberspace application in the warfare. A network of satellites acts as a bridge between ideas and action universally. This has enabled a god's eye view of the planet including all ongoing activities. A typical application of this is border incursion, which may be thwarted immediately advances are made. New technology changes the application used in the space warfare at a relatively fast rate2.Technological innovations increase the risk of vulnerability hence the Americans military to keep up their research and advancement in space satellite surveillance. This is not only applied during the war, but through the day to day activities in the military and space sc ience research fields. Peer competitors of the US on a face off proved it all with an attack on US space satellite system, GPS and other communication systems. What followed was a nuclear, electromagnetic burst within the space this destabilized more than 50 percent of the military infrastructure on information that the weapon systems rely. Innovations have brought about changes in the warfare with dramatic change of doctrines within the military. Revolution in the US military may be given a non conclusive definition.

Analyzing Philosophical Themes in a Fictional Work (Equilibrium, 2002) Essay

Analyzing Philosophical Themes in a Fictional Work (Equilibrium, 2002) - Essay Example In the past months, we have more and more such films hit the box office. One perfect example is the 2002 Science-fiction film Equilibrium, which received many bad reviews and ultimately flopped the box office. This film follows the story of a law enforcement officer in a future dystopia where both feelings and artistic expression are outlawed and citizens take daily injections of drugs to suppress their emotions. The plot begins with the end of a third world war that has left earth in shambles and with a largely decimated population due to the use of nuclear warfare. This incident causes the survivors to institute stricter measures to ensure that a fourth war will not break out in the future. A totalitarian government emerges whose ideology determines human emotion to be the root cause of conflict. Thus, all emotionally stimulating material is banned and â€Å"sense offenders† are ruthlessly persecuted. All citizens of Libria are required to take regular injections of the emot ion-suppressing drug called Prozium, under fear of death or imprisonment. Due to the harsh conditions instituted, an underground resistance movement emerges with the goal of destroying the oppressive system in which its citizens are practically slaves. With the help of a rebel law enforcer, they are eventually able, after devious planning and sustained losses, to overthrow the organization and free the people. (Wikipedia, 2002) From first glance, one can immediately tell that the film is loaded with ideological themes. The philosophy applied is also quite controversial too. Plato, the ancient Greek philosopher, had a similar viewpoint where he advocated a tyrannical government instead of a democracy that had more risks of failing. Modern conspiracy theorists have said that in the future, such a government may emerge. In this situation, the ruling power takes control of all aspects of life. Religion is either outlawed or limited to one for all, Needs are distributed equally to all pe ople, who in turn are required to abide by all rules imposed. The military’s power is enlarged and many liberties are abolished. What you get is a slave world. All throughout the film, the portrayed supreme ruler is publicized all over the city in huge screens. Propaganda is pumped into the minds of the people in order to keep them brainwashed and mesmerized as to the actual situation. The notion presented is that the end justifies the means. As long as peace and order is maintained, the happiness and freedom of the citizens can be surrendered. Justice is not given and therefore, many resistance movements emerge. (Wimmer, 2002) In order to fully understand this, one has to look into history. Similar systems were instituted in countries like Russia, China, and a few Western nations in various times. Communism is one good example and a perfect parallel. History tells of the horrors experienced in communist Russia back when the Czars were overthrown and the communist rebels took over. Communism is based on several principles. The first one states that the purpose of communism is to liberate the conditions of the proletariat. In other words, it terminates the unequal distribution of resources that results in poverty. So, it equally distributes resources and labor. Each person has to do the work he is fit to do, and receives his daily wages according to his needs, and not according to his workload. Moreover, he is â€Å"commanded† to maintain peace by worshipping and doing things the same way as everyone. Another principle is that there should be no opposition. In our modern era, democracy is dominant, and as a result, many opposing parties

Psychological Contracts And Boundaryless And Protean Careers Management Essay

Psychological Contracts And Boundaryless And Protean Careers Management Essay Introduction The way in which academics are treating careers has evolved greatly over the last 30 40 years. In a traditional career model a workers portfolio generally consisted of one, maximum two firms and progression within these was expected to be linear (Levinson, 1978; Super, 1957). Achievement was awarded internally within the organisation and was generally measured in upward promotion and salary payments. (Hall, 1996). The premise of the psychological contract between an organisation and its employee has often been used as a means of analysing changes in the employment relationship (Sturges 2005). The psychological contract has been defined as an individuals beliefs, shaped by the organization, regarding terms of an implicit agreement between the individual and the organization (Sturges 2005) One of the most frequent arguments is that the traditional ideology of job security in return for job effort, or an organizational career in return for loyalty and hard work, has been diminished due to changes in organisations structure such as downsizing, de-layering and outsourcing (Guest, 1998). Miles Snow (1996) also noted that the tall, multi-layer, functionally organized structures characteristic of many large companies have changed Academics and practitioners have noted the importance of re-evaluating the nature of career attitudes (Arthur Rousseau, 1996; Hall, 1976) in a hope to create better understanding and models to map its progression (Sullivan 1999) Relevant literature heralds two new paradigms for the use in examining careers. The Boundaryless career (Arthur Rousseau, 1996) and the protean career (Hall, 1976,2002). As a result of the changing environmental conditions it is theorised that employers can no longer offer lifetime employment (Sullivan, 1999). Therefore these models offer an alternative way to look at careers, careers that become self managed and self influenced and are not bound by any one organisation or indeed industry (Arthur Rousseau, 1996; Hall, 1976) In this work I will begin by looking at the changing nature of the psychological contract looking at employees perceived obligations towards them and how these effect the employer/employee relationship. I will then examine how the changing nature of this relationship has led to the rise of the new Boundaryless and Protean career. I then intend to look at the relationship between the two paradigms before continuing on to look at the limitation regarding current work in the field Discussion Early work on the nature of careers and psychological contracts began in the late 50s and was heavily influenced by the adult development work such as that by Donald Super (1957) and Daniel Levinson (1978). It is argued that the psychological contract between and employee and the employer which contains the perceived terms and conditions that are not noted in the written employment contract (Rousseau, 1989), has undergone major changes. As a result employers and employees are now looking at new forms of career relationships. Levinson (1978) saw the psychological contract as a series of mutual expectations of which the parties to the relationship may not themselves be dimly aware but which nonetheless govern their relationship to each other. Working by the traditional psychological contract, employees were seen to exchange loyalty and commitment for long term or lifetime employment from their employer. However under the newly theorised contract, employees exchange their good performan ce for marketable skills and personal development (Rousseau Wade-Benzoni, 1995). Part of the problem in analysing the changing nature of psychological contracts as identified by Guest (1998) is that by their very nature these contracts are perceptions, expectations, beliefs, promises and obligations A view supported by Rousseau, (1995) who described the psychological contract as a promise made and a consideration offered in exchange for it, binding the parties to some set of reciprocal obligation One problem as identified by Guest (1998) is that the terms expectations and beliefs hold different values to the term obligations. As Guest states failure to meet expectations is rather different than failing to meet obligations as expectations and beliefs are derived from social norms whereas obligations are perceived promises and entitlement. Sturges et al (2002) theorised that over time an employee feels that they are owed more from an organisation due to the time they have invested into staying with them and therefore the perceived employer obligations grow whilst t he employee perceives their obligations as diminishing. A further problem when looking at work relating to the psychological contract is that, as identified by Arthur and Rousseau (1996), who note that only three recent works have approached the subject of the changing in nature of the traditional organizational career boundaries. One of these limited few studies was conducted by Altman and Post (1996) who investigated 25 Fortune 500 executives to examine their perceptions on the altering work relationships. The findings showed that executives recognised the phasing out of the traditional style contract and recognized a new form of contract (Sullivan, 1999) which built on employability and employee responsibility, as opposed to security and a paternalistic style. Despite the enthusiasm by some for the new form of relationship some studies have shown that employees do still expect to receive some form of career support from their management (Sturges, Conway Makenzie., 2002). This theory is also supported in work by Robinson, Kraatz Rouss eau (1994), who suggested that the level of an employees commitment to an organisation, was a result of the employees perceptions of their obligations to organizations and the degree to which they are reciprocated rather than from attachment, loyalty, or satisfaction, as has been most frequently suggested (Robinson et al 1994). Sturges et al (2002) and Robinson et al (1994), also agree that perceived violations of employer obligations leads to a decrease in the importance an employee places on their obligations. A further problem to the psychological contract notion is that a contract breach is a very subjective matter (Robinson 1994, Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni 1995). Robinson (1994) identifies that it is not important if an actual breach took place but rather if an employee perceives a breach to have occurred. A widely mentioned term in literature relating to psychological contract is trust (Robinson et al,1994). Robinson notes that trust can have a great significance on how a person perceives the actions of his employer and states that breaches in trust relate to judgments of integrity and beliefs in benevolence-that in turn reduce employees contributions. However other than Robinsons limited survey there is little to no empirical evidence in relation to the trust relationships between employees and employer. Critics of the psychological contract model contest the usefulness of current literature claiming it adds little to the field (Guest 1998, Robinson et al 1994). Some literature states that the effects of psychological contract breach can be treated as unmet expectations (Guest 1998). Should this assumption be true physiological contract breach research merely mimics prior research relating to unmet expectations (Robinson et al 1994). However, those that support the psychological contract paradigm suggest that differing from unmet expectations a breach of this contract will lead to erosion of trust and the foundation of the relationship between the two parties (Robinson et al 1994) this view is also supported by Rousseau (1996) and Sturges et al (2002). Unfortunately research on psychological contract breach is still itself relatively new and again there is little empirical evidence. What evidence there is will be fairly modern and there is now way to analyse a change over a longer pe riod of time making it difficult to comment on past trends. As stated above the apparent change in psychological contacts has great significance in new career patterns and organizational commitment. Employees are now viewed as a less adaptable resource for organisations and more active investors of their personal human capital (Gratton Ghoshal, 2003 as in Fernandez et al 2008).They will also gain responsibility for some level of career management including the seizure of opportunities and advanced learning with the aim to improve their future marketability (Sturges et al 2002). The changing nature of the business environment, including the globalisation, de-layering and highly competitive markets (as mentioned in my introduction) led to the appearance of new models for the modern career and organisations; The Boundaryless career (Arthur Rousseau, 1996) the protean career (Hall, 1976, 2002) as well as the Boundaryless organisation. Handy (1989) theorises one such configuration in the three leaf clover. The first leaf (the most important for survival) is core staff consisting of managers, professionals and technical staff. These staff are expected to invest personally in the organisation and have high commitment levels. The second leaf is contractors consisting of specialist companies who can normally do jobs such as distribution much more quickly and efficiently than in house. The third leaf is made up of the contingent labour force such as part time workers and temporary staff who act as a buffer for the core workers. The benefit of looking to examine an o rganisation in this way is that it enables managers to get a broader picture of the business environment and to be more flexible (Mirvis Hall 1994). Workers can be re-arranged and re-assigned and would hit the floor running (Mirvis Hall 1994) Extrapolating from the Boundaryless organisation these new career models aim to reflect the changing nature of the organisational relationship and psychological contract. Whilst the traditional career was seen as a paternalistic culture of vertical linear progression within just one or two organizations and measured by promotions and pay rises(Levinson, 1978; Super, 1957); the Boundaryless and protean models highlight the need for the individual to actively manage their own career, learning and psychological success. Workers who have protean career attitudes have been described as being intent upon using their own values (versus organizational values for example) to guide their career (values-driven) and take an independent role in managing their vocational behaviour (self-directed) (Fernandez et al 2008). In contrast, a worker who did not hold protean career attitudes would be more likely to be influenced by external values and would be more likely to look for external guidance and direction in their career choices as instead of being more proactive and independent (Mirvis Hall 1994,Hall 2002, Fernandez et al 2008) . Whilst those that show signs of leading a protean valued career style might show signs of greater openness to the idea of mobility and continuous learning, some theorists suggest that mobility and learning may be correlates of a protean career, but not necessary components of it (Fernandez et al 2008). It has been said that a worker considered to be following the Boundaryless career model navigates the changing work landscape by enacting a career characterized by different levels of physical and psychological movement (Sullivan Arthur,2006). While there may be some complementary features of the two models, many treat protean and Boundaryless career models as separate but related ideas. That is, a person could display protean rationales, making self directed and motivated career decisions, yet not follow a boundary crossing path. However, a person could hold a Boundaryless mindset but chose one organization to paternalistically guide their career (Fernandez et al 2008, Hall 2002) A Boundaryless career is viewed as independent from, rather than dependent on, traditional career arrangements (Arthur Rousseau, 1996), as it goes beyond the boundaries of an individual employment setting, involving both physical and psychological (objective vs. subjective) areas of mobility (Briscoe Hall 2005). The Boundaryless career is conceived by assuming that organizations are no longer capable of giving workers the traditional career path including stability and progression in exchange for commitment and hard work (Arthur, 1994; Arthur and Rousseau, 1996). As a consequence academics have identified the end of the traditional career where a person aims to progress through a company gaining power, notability and financial reward and predict workers following a more individualistic approach to goal setting and personal assessment (Arthur and Rousseau, 1996). The Boundryless career has been said to be the opposite of the Organisational Career (Arthur and Rousseau, 1996; Rodrigues and Guest, 2010). Arthur (1994) described in his original work 6 potential aspects of permeability and mobility across organisations: The most prominent [meaning] is when a career, like the stereotypical Silicon Valley career, moves across the boundaries of separate employers. A second meaning is when a career, like that of an academic or a carpenter, draws validation and marketability from outside the present employer. A third meaning is when a career, like that of a real estate agent, is sustained by extra-organizational networks or information. A fourth meaning occurs when traditional organizational career boundaries, notably hierarchical reporting and advancement principles, are broken. A fifth meaning occurs when a person rejects existing career opportunities for personal reasons. Perhaps a sixth meaning depends on the interpretation of the career actor, who may perceive a Boundaryless future regardless of structural constraints. A common theme to all these meanings is one of independence from, rather than dependence on, traditional organizational principles. (Arthur, 1994). One limitation of the idea that Boundaryless careers are the opposite to Organisational careers, is that it oversimplifies the changes in modern career patterns (Rodrigues and Guest, 2010). Moreover as identified by Rodrigues and Guest, (2010) Arthur places great emphasis on the notion of movement across organisational boundaries. Whilst transitioning across organisational boundaries is the defining feature of the new Boundaryless model, works such as Arnold and Cohen (2008) note that this organisational movement is not incompatible with the more traditional model of careers (Sullivan 1999) . Sullivan (1999) also notes that there is evidence to support the idea that this kind of mobility in the boundryless model is already present in America, and was empirically documented in a period perceived to be dominated by the traditional career style. Another study covering areas of career mobility looked at a selection of workers between 1957 and 1972, Topel and Ward (1992 as in Sullivan 199 9) who conducted the study demonstrated that during this period the workers followed (who were based in the states) had held an average of 10 jobs during their careers. Sullivan (1999) also identified a similar study by Hashimoto and Raisian (1985 as in Sullivan 1999) conducted in Japan, (an area often associated with the traditional one company career) found that workers there also had multiple employers over their careers. When Arthur Sullivan (2006) sought to further clarify the concept, and said career mobility can include the physical and/or psychological mobility, they also stated that mobility can be across many levels such as occupational, organisational and cultural(2006). However as noted by (Rodrigues and Guest, 2010) this amendment means that unless there is complete career immobility it is difficult not to classify any career as potentially Boundaryless. (Rodrigues and Guest, 2010) Baker and Aldrich (1996) constructed a measure for the Boundaryless career, they claim that for a career to be truly Boundaryless it would have to rank highly along three career dimensions. These dimensions consist of; number of employers, extent of knowledge accumulation, and the role of personal identity. This model places high value on marketable skills and a high personal identity which are rated just as highly as an employees mobility, ratings on these factors can help to determine whether a person is truly acting on the Boundaryless career. Along a similar line DeFillippi and Arthur (1996) derived a competency model, stating that those following a Boundaryless career build a portfolio of career competencies, this can be achieved by using DeFillippi and Arthurs knowing-why, knowing-whom and knowing how model of career enhancement. Eby et al. (2003) later built on DeFillippi and Arthurs (1996) work and sought to provide empirical evidence supporting it. Eby et al (2003) found tha t the knowing-why, knowing-whom and knowing-how competencies are important indicators of success of ones Boundaryless career. There have also been calls from writers such as Bird (1996) AND Fernandez et al, (2008) for a rethink and re-modelling of career ideas based on knowledge economies and personal knowledge obtainment. While some authors and their work have chosen to look at Boundaryless careers solely examining the physical re-arrangement of the working environment (Fernandez et al 2008) Sullivan and Arthur (2006) advocate the viewing of mobility across two planes, the physical and psychological when conducting research into careers. In her wide ranging literature review on the subject of careers Sullivan (1999) and later Sullivan Arthur (2006) look at what empirical evidence currently exists. Sullivan found that only sixteen studies examined mobility across physical boundaries, whereas only three studies focussed on the relationships across these boundaries (Sullivan Arthur, 2006). Similar findings to that of Sullivan are noted in the work of Briscoe et. al. (2006) who gave empirical evidence for the implementation of both the Boundaryless mindset and organizational mobility preference. Under the new form of psychological contract workers are said to display low levels of both loyalty to an organization and low levels of organizational commitment, what loyalty and commitment that does exist is under the condition that the organisation provides them with opportunities to advance their marketability through training and development (Rousseau Wade-Benzoni, 1995). Gunz (2000 as in Rodrigues Guest 2010) also noted how in a study by Zabusky and Barley (1996) of technicians, they found that the technicians placed greater value on growth and challenging work than they did on promotions. The companies who employed the technicians however had no systems in pace to offer this to them. As Sullivan (1999) identified, the study shows how individual career strategies must be considered within an organizational business strategies. The study also noted the problems of transforming from a culture of advancement (traditional career model) to a culture of achievement (Boundaryless c areer model) (Sullivan 1999). Large volumes of work centred around the changing psychological contract and the Boundaryless career model often gives great prominence to the positive aspects, such as increased opportunities for growth and job challenge (Sullivan (1999). Comparatively lesser amounts (Hirsch Shanley,1996 as in Sullivan 1999) have been focused on the downsides of the model, such as the problems underemployment and the possible reduction in organizational learning and personal development (Sullivan, 1999). One such piece on the negative aspects suggested that Workers who transfer into unrelated occupations often suffer from lowered status and reduced earnings (Markey Parks 1989). As previously mentioned some researchers like to separate the notions of the Protean and Boundaryless careers, However others such as Hall, (1976, 2002) note that those who follow a Boundaryless career approach often have Protean attitudes that help them navigate the organisational landscape. Hall notes that a Protean approach represents a self driven and self motivated approach to managing a personal career, which also builds on values such as freedom and adaptability (Hall, 1976, 2002). Baruch (2004)(as in Fernandez et al 2008) noted that the protean career was: a contract with oneself, rather than with the organization, as individuals take responsibility for transforming their career path, in taking responsibility for their career. Hall (2004) and Hall and Chandler (2005) concluded that the staple parts of the Protean orientation paradigm are: freedom, growth, professional commitment, and the attainment of psychological success, through the pursuit of meaningful work Fernandez et al (2008) Briscoe Hall (2006) identify the potential psychological implications of being highly Protean career driven in their work, they define someone truly Protean driven as on a quest to define meaning and success through the career (Briscoe Hall, 2006) In further research relating to personal Protean career management King (2004) found that being personally in control of ones own career and growth can lead to favourable psychological satisfaction, improved self-efficiency and personal well-being , if ones career goals are met. Further more in the work of Fernandez et al (2008) they identify that Seibert et al. (2001) and Crant (2000) (Bothe found in Fernandez et al 2008) also support the work of King (2004), as their findings suggest that individuals who have a proactive disposition achieve extrinsic career progression and internal satisfaction with their careers Fernandez et al (2008). Arthur (2009) too notes the importance of factoring into work environments and relationships the ability to meet personal goals which would generate both greater productivity and greater career satisfaction for the workers involved As a result of the work on Protean careers further work by Wrzesniewski and Dutton (2001) and Wrzesniewski et. al. (1997) (found in Fernandez et al, 2008) created the idea of career management though job crafting, this notion involves treating employees as creative identity builders (Fernandez et al, 2008) who use personal networks and support from others to achieve own career milestones. Whilst there are high levels of work relating to the potential for workers with protean attitudes, like the work on the Boundaryless model there appears to be little amounts of research relating to the downsides of the protean model, such as the effects of failing to meet personal goals and setting realistic personal goals. As the burden of ones career shifts away from the organisation and falls into the hands of the individual, networking plays an important role in the life of a self driven career (Arthur Rousseau, 1996, Sullivan 1999). The ability to form personal networks aids and supports the process of job mobility and accelerates personal development and job learning (Sullivan 1999). Networking as a tool allows an individual to extend their presence into wide ranging social circles and thus potentially increase job opportunities (Forret and Dougherty, 2004).Sullivan (1999) identifies that existing organisational structures do not support networking activities, therefore individuals forced out of a traditional organisational structure may experience problems in adapting to the new form of career paths. While networking abilities vary from person to person, it has been found through research (Forret and Dougherty, 2004) that networking benefits men more than it does women due to mens perceived abili ty to more effectively influence social groups. Sullivan (1999) also covers in her work the problem and limitations in research relating to women in the changing nature of employment. The high levels of women in part time work and work that is not classed as core workers could be creating an imbalance in research relating to Boundaryless and protean careers. Future research could look into if the increased family commitments of women effect their progress through the two forms of career. Whilst there is much literature being produced relating to the Boundaryless career not everyone is convinced of the evidence supporting it. As Gunz et al write: the trouble with the Boundaryless hypothesis is that it is still just that, a hypothesis (2000). They also note that while some authors advocate that organisational boundaries are diminishing it might just be that the nature of the boundaries are shifting/altering. Gunz et al note that boundaries, rather than disappearing, are becoming more complex and multifaceted. In fact they claim that boundaries of some sort are inevitable. Aurthur (2006) also notes that the much on the subject of Boundaryless careers often focuses on intra-organizational as opposed to inter-organizational changes. A further lack of research has been done on what Arthur (2009) identifies as the lack of legal status and protection mobile workers have under present employment law. Also as identified by Defillippi Arthur 1994 most research has been conducted on what they refer to as core workers and there is little empirical or theoretical work on non-core workers such as part-time and seasonal staff and their employment and career paths. Sullivan 1999 also notes that there has been very few empirical studies relating to the choices made by workers other than new graduates (such as in the work of Arthur and Rousseau (1996)). Although younger workers may provide greater data sets, as the most frequent movement across occupations occurs during the earliest years of a persons working life (Mergenhagen 1991 as in Defillippi Arthur,1994) The reason for this early career movement is suggested to be because younger workers have made fewer career specific investments and therefore feel less committed (Defillippi Arthur,1994). Whilst explaining why much research is conducted on younger workers this argument from Defillippi Arthur also support the earlier theories of Sturges et al (2002) as mentioned above regarding employees increased commitment over time. If the theories regarding younger mobility hold true then as the worlds workforce ages and in Asian areas such as china where there is already and aged population trends of increased job tenure would be expected. This is one area of future possible research. The lack of research conducted during adulthood, despite evidence that adults are making occupational choices throughout their lifetimes (Arthur Rousseau, 1996); proves to be a problem, as relatively little is known as to what motivates these cross organisational movements (Sullivan 1999). Whilst the concept of Boundaryless careers centres on the idea of workers easily moving between various organisations statistical data from Robinson (1997) shows no dramatic increase over the past 20 years in either job movement or job loss. A view supported in the work of Guest (1998) who found that time spent in organizations and in jobs has reduced only marginally, if at all, in the past 20 years, however he does speculate that a reduction in male workers tenure could be hidden by a rise in that of female workers. Rodrigues Guest (2010) also note that research into job stability trends has also been hampered by the variation in non-response rates and changes in the wording of the questions thu s making it difficult for long term trends to be identified. Briscoe et al (2006) notes a further problem in current research where some employees display strong attitudes of Boundaryless and protean models, yet they have no desire for physical mobility. This occurrence identifies a potential flaw in the way the two paradigms are defined and emphasises the need for greater care in outlining the premise. Failure to accurately define the notions could lead to problems in the adaptability of the model. Furthermore, lack of accurate definition could affect the relevance for researchers if the models cannot accurately put to use on real life situations. (Briscoe Hall, 2005, Fernandez et al, 2008) Fernandez et al, 2008 have also described what they see as researchers inability to fully explain their empirical findings with the protean and Boundaryless metaphors as already happening, which according to Briscoe Hall (2005) is causing a slight rumbling and backlash against the two paradigms. Conclusion As demonstrated in this work there are large and ever increasing amounts of work relating to the changing nature of employment relationships and career patterns. In the past decade the field of careers has produced much work to support the understanding of managers and employees regarding the employment and career relationships. No doubt thanks to recent global economic problems we can expect to see yet more work released over the coming few years. As discussed the changing nature of the relationships between employees and their employer has had significant coverage, however I identify 2 areas where there is potential for future research. The first of which was in the trust relationships between employees and employer. Further research on this area can help to further the psychological contract understanding and its values. A second area of research concerns the perceived value of contract breach. Whilst there is work concerning this matter as noted there is little empirical evidence of the consequences and frequency of this breach. Within the model of the Boundaryless career there is room for further research regarding the nature of people changes. Current work is focused from an organisational point of view and much research is quantitive. As a result there are few studies relating to what motivates people to make changes and whether the motivator affects the magnitude of change. Furthermore varying and dilute definitions of the Boundaryless career have been noted as a potential problem for future researchers, a re-conceptualisation of the definition may make it more adaptable in future. Whilst work on the protean career gives good explanation of its potential benefits, like the work on the Boundaryless career, little evidence has been published of potential problems and downsides of the model. An area for future research could include work on the consequences of failing to meet personally set objectives or how effective/inhibitive self critique may be for an individual. A further area to look into that is currently under represented in the literature is that of the non core workers, such as part time and temporary staff. This group is made up also of a disproportionate amount of women which would need to be taken into account when analysing the findings. The final area of indentified research relates to the current abundance of empirical evidence relating to young, often newly graduate workers and their career mobility choices. Whilst I have mentioned that this group is most prevalent to making cross-organisational career movements they are over represented in the l iterature meaning there are few studies on older workers. This has consequences for geographical and industry areas with an ageing population as career trends may be different to that of younger organisation or region. To summarise there is much useful and thought provoking work relating to the changing nature of careers and its applicability to nearly the whole of the population and all business makes it a fascinating area for reading and research. The continuing environmental changes and ever increasing literature means that changes and progression in the subject are likely to be fast paced and wide ranging. References List Altman, B. W., Post, J. E. 1996. Beyond the social contract: An analysis of the executive view at twenty-five larger companies. In D. T. Hall (Ed.), The career is dead long live the career: 46-71. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Arnold J, Cohen L (2008) The psychology of career in industrial and organizational

Tess of the d’Urberville :: Literary Analysis, Thomas Hardy

Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles is a criticism on Victorian society. But the major, universal idea it criticizes is the existence of true love. Through the relationships Tess has been in, as well as the time era in which Hardy lived in, it has become evident that there will always be a flaw with romance. To begin with, Hardy wrote realist works of literature. In order to escape the â€Å"fantasy† of Romantic works realism was a response in which the true social characteristics of life were illustrated. This is evident in Tess of the d’Urbervilles as Tess is depicted as admitting to the condition of our planet, â€Å"a blighted one† (40). By admitting life and Earth to be a decaying one, Hardy has shown that things could be better, a major standpoint of other social writers of his day. But as well as being a novelist, Hardy was a poet and a renowned one at that as well. In his poem â€Å"Between Us Now† Hardy again demonstrates characteristics of a realist writer: â€Å"Let there be truth at last / Even if despair† (lines 7, 8) meaning that he will be acceptant of both the truth and its consequences. Therefore, Hardy is completely capable of describing social issues, and does so in Tess. Now, the first major relationship Tess is in is with Alec d’Urberville in which she is subjugated to mistreatment. One of the most evident examples of the way Alec treats Tess in the garden, in which he feeds her strawberries while she was â€Å"in a slight distress† and even smokes in front of her, although she claims that she minds â€Å"not at all† (52). Now the clearer example, the strawberry abuse, alludes to the rape which comes later on in the novel. She is forced to consume the strawberry although she would rather â€Å"take it in [her] own hand† (52), obviously showing refusal at a blunt state, In addition to this Alec unabashedly smoked around her, which is not only disrespectful but hazardous to her health. The â€Å"narcotic haze† (52), which permeated the rooms Alec and Tess were in, acted like enigmatic amnesiac clouds of death. They not only limited visibility but choked Tess and damaged her eventually later on. This is also parallel to her rape in that the damage done by Alec was invisible for a long time in both cases. Later on in the novel, Alec is very shortly converted into a devout Christian but is â€Å"tempted† by Tess, whom he calls a â€Å"dear damned witch of Babylon† (377).

Modern Technology vs Books Essay

One of the most important marvels of modern technology is the Internet, which has not just revolutionized the process of information retrieval, but also, dramatically changed the way people seek information. If in the past, people often had to spend so much time and energy going through many pages or sheets of printed media only to seek for specific information, now with the aid of the internet; information retrieval can be much easier and time-saving. The revolutionary way which the internet offers triggers an intriguing question whether it will replace books or printed media as the main source of information. From my observation, I tend to believe that it will. My main reason is because it has so many advantages over printed media, which make the former (the internet) more preferable, more interesting, more attractive, and even more reliable than the latter (printed media). As a result, more and more people turn to the internet every time they need to seek for information. Here are some of the advantages which I can list to support my belief. First, the kinds of information which the internet provides are almost unlimited. We can find almost any topics from a single computer equipped with a good connection to the internet, while it is impossible to find such a large number of topics only from a single book or a single newspaper. As a result, when people need almost any information, ranging from the latest news, house rentals, car sales, to public transport schedules and fares, they rely on the internet rather than printed media. Second, the information stored in the internet can be updated at very short intervals, enabling its users to always get the latest progress or development. This kind of updating can’t be applied to printed media and thus, printed media always lags behind the internet. Third, the internet also provides other facilities that printed media can’t provide. For example, it enables its users to perform multitasking or interactivity, so that they can communicate with other people, play online games, download or upload pictures, and so on, while seeking for  information. Fourth, the optimization of internet usage can reduce paper consumption significantly. Since the environmental awareness is on the rise, people are encouraged to reduce paper consumption. More paper consumption can lead to more deforestation because the raw materials for making paper basically come from forests. As a result, paperless office and â€Å"going paperless† are being intensively promoted, and here in this context, the internet has proved to be supportive. Looking at the rapidly widespread use of the internet and people’s increasing reliance on it, I believe that someday the internet will triumph over printed media. The first signs of it have shown. For example, the number of internet users is increasing so dramatically, while the sale of printed media is decreasing.

Learner Analysis And Challenges Of Employees Essay

Learner Analysis and Challenges Because employees were hired for the LESS support group based on current project needs, they have a variety of background qualifications. As MAU expanded, it became clear that a larger support group was needed and a departmental reorganization grouped all these individuals together. Their various strengths come together to create a robust, hardworking team that has positively contributed to the LESS environment. As individuals, however, the spectrum of abilities makes it difficult to assess the full range of reasons why certain gaps in knowledge exist. Prior to writing this proposal, I administered a survey to the supervisors of twenty employees in the U.S. and U.K. As a prerequisite for the position, all employees have bachelor’s degrees and at least three years of experience in a professional or distance education environment. The survey asked supervisors to rate their employees on four skills necessary to perform the job, relevant to the top pain points this course would cover: †¢ Computer literacy: use software for daily work activities, troubleshoot advanced technical issues †¢ Information literacy (for issues requiring research): locate high-quality, relevant resources using a search engine or the department’s shared folders †¢ Customer service: acknowledge clients by responding to emails quickly, using polite language, addressing all needs/requests, and creating sociable responses †¢ Reading and writing: read and write at a collegeShow MoreRelatedLeadership Development Training Program For M M1274 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Development Training Program for MM Moller and Maersk is a shipping and logistics company that faces a challenges with staff retention. This is attributed to the change in organizational culture from leadership development programs that focused on administrative purposes to strategic functions. In this text, we will develop a leadership training program based on ADDIE model. ASSESSMENT Purpose The main purpose of this program it to establish a framework that seeks to assist MollerRead MoreGuidelines And Books For Teaching Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum can be described as a as a description of information or content intended for teaching alongside the methods intended to be used in passing the given information to the learner. Kern, Thomas and Hughes (2009) pointed out some factors that underpin content information in a curriculum. These are: age reflection, culture, skills which are linguistically relevant and child development stage. Education practitioners have largely relied on laid learning standards, guidelines and books forRead MoreDescription Of An Organization Human Resource Management System1591 Words   |  7 Pagesorgensation. Though ‘Benchmarking best HR process and hotel can accomplish goal and vision: 1) This tool HRM to strongminded competitiveness of organisation and help to achieve its goal and mission. 2) Its help to hotel improve assurances of company employees and encourage them for more productivity in hotel customer services. 3) It will help hotel to diminishing competition in parallel industry and help to controlling cost. 4) Help to adapt change in hotel and controlling them due to the competitiveRead MoreLeadership Success As The Leadership Strategy Course Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pagesthe thesis with different learning style and its accommodation .The author design the course for the competent, experienced clinical nurses ,selected from different units of the institution and to accommodate the different learning styles of each learner .the design start with a mission, vision, value statement which is compatible with the course and the institutional ones, and objectives based on A (Audience) B (Behavior) C (Condition) D (Degree) approach as well using blooms taxonomy. As thesisRead MoreAn Effective Method Of Human Resource Management1383 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome a strategic business partner to organizations, the importance of current HRIS to computerize compensation, data analysis, employee administration, and learning and development is undeniable. This paper will evaluate the technological tr ends to support and implement learning and development within organizations. I will also discuss why learning and development of employees has important implications for HR management and overall organizational success. Aside from this, I will detail the resourcesRead MoreMy Self As A Learner Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pages MY SELF AS A LEARNER Kyle R. Pace Bellevue University â€Æ' Abstract The importance of knowing yourself as a learner is to know your strengths and areas you can improve. After taking the MBTI assessment, I found out that I am an ISFJ personality. ISFJ personality stands for Introverted, Sensing, Feeling, and Judging. I always thought I was a tactile learner, however after taking the (What s Your Learning Style? 20 Questions) assessment, I found out that I am a visual learner. It’s also goodRead MoreDeveloping People and Performance1241 Words   |  5 Pagesthat pertains to recruitment of the employees. The purpose of the policy calls for use of reliable and effective standards that are consistent in the recruitment of employees. The policy further provides room for development of employees, and gives guidelines of how to manage conflict that may arise (Be the Best n.d). Chubb employees had various needs which included setting of individual and team goals, individual performance evaluation, behavior of employees when undertaking various roles, andRead MoreLearning Style : The Factor That Affecting Learning Relating Performance1641 Words   |  7 Pagesappropriate level of challenge and is of sufficient quantity and frequency to meet the performance criteria. Simon Cassidy described in his research paper about different learning style theoretical models and he made comparison between models characterization.{148} Dr. Cassidy discussed Kolb s learning theory, which is the theory of experiential learning. It based on a four-stage learning cycle. According to Kolb s learning theory, to be an effective problem-solver, the learner needs to use a mixRead MoreThe Critical Thinking Problems Plaguing Cobol And How They Can Be Solved1697 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizations look for these traits in employees and then train them on how to become critical think ers. The objective is to present raw trainees with challenges that demand the application of these attributes. When added to individual experience, such challenges compel employees to think critically. In school, for example, learners must be aware of the process and environment of learning, apply whatever is taught, question, study independently, and communicate. Learners with critical thinking skills possessRead MoreThe Tourism And Hospitality Industry5298 Words   |  22 Pagesits theories and application in the Tourism and Hospitality industry. Objectives: Applications of cross cultural management in the hotels should impact the productivity of the employees and create awareness of cultural diversities within the work place. To convert cross cultural awareness and the increase of employees’ productivity into achieving hotel business goals. Research LiteratureResources Cushner, K., Robertson, L., Kirca, S., Cakmak, M. (2003). A cross-cultural material development